# gene_set_details

systematic_name: M17990
exact_source: Fig 1S: cluster 2
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes from cluster 2: down-regulated in group C of tumors arising from overexpression of BCL2L1 and MYC [GeneID=598;4609] in plasma cells.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1698 characters]


systematic_name: M2658
exact_source: Fig 1S: cluster 3
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes from cluster 3: up-regulated in group D of tumors arising from overexpression of BCL2L1 and MYC [GeneID=598;4609] in plasma cells.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1698 characters]


systematic_name: M12678
exact_source: Fig 1S: cluster 4
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes from cluster 4: down-regulated in group D of tumors arising from overexpression of BCL2L1 and MYC [GeneID=598;4609] in plasma cells.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1698 characters]


systematic_name: M5863
exact_source: Table 5S: Tumor Group=D & Fold Change > 0
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes up-regulated in group D of tumors arising from overexpression of BCL2L1 and MYC [GeneID=598;4609] in plasma cells.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1698 characters]


systematic_name: M11718
exact_source: Table 5S: Tumor Group=D & Fold Change < 0
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes down-regulated in group D of tumors arising from overexpression of BCL2L1 and MYC [GeneID=598;4609] in plasma cells.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1698 characters]


systematic_name: M16927
exact_source: Table 5S: Tumor Group=C and D & Fold Change > 0
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes up-regulated both in group C and D of tumors arising from overexpression of BCL2L1 and MYC [GeneID=598;4609] in plasma cells.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1698 characters]


systematic_name: M847
exact_source: Table 5S: Tumor Group=C & Fold Change > 0
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes up-regulated in group C of tumors arising from overexpression of BCL2L1 and MYC [GeneID=598;4609] in plasma cells.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1698 characters]


systematic_name: M7735
exact_source: Table 5S: Tumor Group=C & Fold Change < 0
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes down-regulated in group C of tumors arising from overexpression of BCL2L1 and MYC [GeneID=598;4609] in plasma cells.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1698 characters]


description_brief: Genes changed in liver in response to nifedipine [PubChem=4485] treatment of iron overload.
systematic_name: M1874
exact_source: Table 1
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_full:
  Hereditary hemochromatosis and transfusional iron overload are frequent clinical conditions associated with progressive iron accumulation in parenchymal tissues, leading to eventual organ failure. We have discovered a new mechanism to reverse iron overload-pharmacological modulation of the divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT-1). DMT-1 mediates intracellular iron transport during the transferrin cycle and apical iron absorption in the duodenum. Its additional functions in iron handling in the kidney and liver are less well understood. We show that the L-type calcium channel blocker nifedipine increases DMT-1-mediated cellular iron transport 10- to 100-fold at concentrations between 1 and 100 microM. Mechanistically, nifedipine causes this effect by prolonging the iron-transporting activity of DMT-1. We show that nifedipine mobilizes iron from the liver of mice with primary and secondary iron overload and enhances urinary iron excretion. Modulation of DMT-1 function by L-type calcium channel blockers emerges as a new pharmacological therapy for the treatment of iron overload disorders.


systematic_name: M1980
exact_source: Table 1S: Fold change < 0.5
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes down-regulated in hepatic stellar cells after stimulation with bacterial lipopolysacharide (LPS).

description_full:
  Hepatic injury is associated with a defective intestinal barrier and increased hepatic exposure to bacterial products. Here we report that the intestinal bacterial microflora and a functional Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), but not TLR2, are required for hepatic fibrogenesis. Using Tlr4-chimeric mice and in vivo lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge, we demonstrate that quiescent hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), the main precursors for myofibroblasts in the liver, are the predominant target through which TLR4 ligands promote fibrogenesis. In quiescent HSCs, TLR4 activation not only upregulates chemokine secretion and induces chemotaxis of Kupffer cells, but also downregulates the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta pseudoreceptor Bambi to sensitize HSCs to TGF-beta-induced signals and allow for unrestricted activation by Kupffer cells. LPS-induced Bambi downregulation and sensitization to TGF-beta is mediated by a MyD88-NF-kappaB-dependent pathway. Accordingly, Myd88-deficient mice have decreased hepatic fibrosis. Thus, modulation of TGF-beta signaling by a TLR4-MyD88-NF-kappaB axis provides a novel link between proinflammatory and profibrogenic signals.


systematic_name: M1879
exact_source: Table 3S
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE9167
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes up-regulated during later stages of renal maturation (days P14-P16) in kidney specific knockout of PKD1 [GeneID=5310].

description_full:
  Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is an important cause of end-stage renal disease, for which there is no proven therapy. Mutations in PKD1 (the gene encoding polycystin-1) are the principal cause of this disease. The disease begins in utero and is slowly progressive, but it is not known whether cystogenesis is an ongoing process during adult life. We now show that inactivation of Pkd1 in mice before postnatal day 13 results in severely cystic kidneys within 3 weeks, whereas inactivation at day 14 and later results in cysts only after 5 months. We found that cellular proliferation was not appreciably higher in cystic specimens than in age-matched controls, but the abrupt change in response to Pkd1 inactivation corresponded to a previously unrecognized brake point during renal growth and significant changes in gene expression. These findings suggest that the effects of Pkd1 inactivation are defined by a developmental switch that signals the end of the terminal renal maturation process. Our studies show that Pkd1 regulates tubular morphology in both developing and adult kidney, but the pathologic consequences of inactivation are defined by the organ's developmental status. These results have important implications for clinical understanding of the disease and therapeutic approaches.


systematic_name: M1881
exact_source: Table 1
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes up-regulated in the influenza-specific CD8+ [GeneID=925] T lymphocytes from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) compared to those from spleen.

description_full:
  The restriction of influenza A virus replication to mouse respiratory epithelium means that this host response is anatomically compartmentalized, on the one hand, to sites of T cell stimulation and proliferation in the secondary lymphoid tissue and, on the other hand, to the site of effector T cell function and pathology in the pneumonic lung. Thus, it is hardly surprising that virus-specific CD8(+) T cells recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from the infected respiratory tract seem more activated in terms of both cytolytic activity and cytokine production than those cells isolated from the spleen. The present analysis uses Affymetrix microarray technology to compare profiles of gene expression in these two lineage-related, yet anatomically separate, lymphocyte populations. Ninety differentially expressed genes were identified for influenza-specific CD8(+)D(b)NP(366)(+) T cells obtained directly ex vivo by BAL or spleen disruption, with nine genes being further analyzed by quantitative, real-time PCR at the population level. Integrin alphaE, for example, was shown by Affymetrix and real-time mRNA analyses and then by single-cell PCR and protein staining to be present at a much higher prevalence on the BAL CD8(+)D(b)NP(366)(+) set. The unpredicted finding, however, was that mRNA expression for 75% of the 90 genes was lower in T cells from the BAL than from the spleen. Apparently, the localization of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells to the site of virus-induced pathology is associated with a narrowing, or focusing, of gene expression that favors enhanced effector function in the damaged, high-antigen load environment of the pneumonic lung.


systematic_name: M1882
exact_source: Table 1
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes down-regulated in the influenza-specific CD8+ [GeneID=925] T lymphocytes from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) compared to those from spleen.

description_full:
  The restriction of influenza A virus replication to mouse respiratory epithelium means that this host response is anatomically compartmentalized, on the one hand, to sites of T cell stimulation and proliferation in the secondary lymphoid tissue and, on the other hand, to the site of effector T cell function and pathology in the pneumonic lung. Thus, it is hardly surprising that virus-specific CD8(+) T cells recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from the infected respiratory tract seem more activated in terms of both cytolytic activity and cytokine production than those cells isolated from the spleen. The present analysis uses Affymetrix microarray technology to compare profiles of gene expression in these two lineage-related, yet anatomically separate, lymphocyte populations. Ninety differentially expressed genes were identified for influenza-specific CD8(+)D(b)NP(366)(+) T cells obtained directly ex vivo by BAL or spleen disruption, with nine genes being further analyzed by quantitative, real-time PCR at the population level. Integrin alphaE, for example, was shown by Affymetrix and real-time mRNA analyses and then by single-cell PCR and protein staining to be present at a much higher prevalence on the BAL CD8(+)D(b)NP(366)(+) set. The unpredicted finding, however, was that mRNA expression for 75% of the 90 genes was lower in T cells from the BAL than from the spleen. Apparently, the localization of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells to the site of virus-induced pathology is associated with a narrowing, or focusing, of gene expression that favors enhanced effector function in the damaged, high-antigen load environment of the pneumonic lung.


systematic_name: M1888
exact_source: Table 1S
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE3878
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes down-regulated in gastric mucosal tissue of mice on 2% cholesterol [PubChem=5997] diet and infected with H. pylori vs those infected with H. pylori while on 0% cholesterol diet.

description_full:
  Helicobacter pylori infection causes gastric pathology such as ulcer and carcinoma. Because H. pylori is auxotrophic for cholesterol, we have explored the assimilation of cholesterol by H. pylori in infection. Here we show that H. pylori follows a cholesterol gradient and extracts the lipid from plasma membranes of epithelial cells for subsequent glucosylation. Excessive cholesterol promotes phagocytosis of H. pylori by antigen-presenting cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, and enhances antigen-specific T cell responses. A cholesterol-rich diet during bacterial challenge leads to T cell-dependent reduction of the H. pylori burden in the stomach. Intrinsic alpha-glucosylation of cholesterol abrogates phagocytosis of H. pylori and subsequent T cell activation. We identify the gene hp0421 as encoding the enzyme cholesterol-alpha-glucosyltransferase responsible for cholesterol glucosylation. Generation of knockout mutants lacking hp0421 corroborates the importance of cholesteryl glucosides for escaping phagocytosis, T cell activation and bacterial clearance in vivo. Thus, we propose a mechanism regulating the host-pathogen interaction whereby glucosylation of a lipid tips the scales towards immune evasion or response.


description_brief: Genes up-regulated in primary B lymphocytes engineered to overexpress BCL2 [GeneID=12043].
systematic_name: M1906
exact_source: Table 1: fold change > 0
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_full:
  The t(14;18)(q32;q21), resulting in deregulated expression of B-cell-leukemia/lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), represents the genetic hallmark in human follicular lymphomas. Substantial evidence supports the hypothesis that the t(14;18) and Bcl-2 overexpression are necessary but not solely responsible for neoplastic transformation and require cooperating genetic derangements for neoplastic transformation to occur. To investigate genes that cooperate with Bcl-2 to influence cellular signaling pathways important for neoplastic transformation, we used oligonucleotide microarrays to determine differential gene expression patterns in CD19+ B cells isolated from Emu-Bcl-2 transgenic mice and wild-type littermate control mice. Fifty-seven genes were induced and 94 genes were repressed by > or =2-fold in Emu-Bcl-2 transgenic mice (P < 0.05). The suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3) gene was found to be overexpressed 5-fold in B cells from Emu-Bcl-2 transgenic mice. Overexpression of Bcl-2 in both mouse embryo fibroblast-1 and hematopoietic cell lines resulted in induction of SOCS3 protein, suggesting a Bcl-2-associated mechanism underlying SOCS3 induction. Immunohistochemistry with SOCS3 antisera on tissue from a cohort of patients with de novo follicular lymphoma revealed marked overexpression of SOCS3 protein that, within the follicular center cell region, was limited to neoplastic follicular lymphoma cells and colocalized with Bcl-2 expression in 9 of 12 de novo follicular lymphoma cases examined. In contrast, SOCS3 protein expression was not detected in the follicular center cell region of benign hyperplastic tonsil tissue. These data suggest that Bcl-2 overexpression leads to the induction of activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and to the induction of SOCS3, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of follicular lymphoma.


systematic_name: M7034
exact_source: Table 1S: mp53/Ras vs. YAMC, norm Data >1
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE9199
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Up-regulated 'cooperation response genes': responded synergystically to the combination of mutant TP53 and HRAS [GeneID=7157;3265] in YAMC cells (colon).

description_full:
  Understanding the molecular underpinnings of cancer is of critical importance to the development of targeted intervention strategies. Identification of such targets, however, is notoriously difficult and unpredictable. Malignant cell transformation requires the cooperation of a few oncogenic mutations that cause substantial reorganization of many cell features and induce complex changes in gene expression patterns. Genes critical to this multifaceted cellular phenotype have therefore only been identified after signalling pathway analysis or on an ad hoc basis. Our observations that cell transformation by cooperating oncogenic lesions depends on synergistic modulation of downstream signalling circuitry suggest that malignant transformation is a highly cooperative process, involving synergy at multiple levels of regulation, including gene expression. Here we show that a large proportion of genes controlled synergistically by loss-of-function p53 and Ras activation are critical to the malignant state of murine and human colon cells. Notably, 14 out of 24 'cooperation response genes' were found to contribute to tumour formation in gene perturbation experiments. In contrast, only 1 in 14 perturbations of the genes responding in a non-synergistic manner had a similar effect. Synergistic control of gene expression by oncogenic mutations thus emerges as an underlying key to malignancy, and provides an attractive rationale for identifying intervention targets in gene networks downstream of oncogenic gain- and loss-of-function mutations.


systematic_name: M9325
exact_source: Table 1S: mp53/Ras vs. YAMC, norm Data < 1
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE9199
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Down-regulated 'cooperation response genes': responded synergystically to the combination of mutant TP53 and HRAS [GeneID=7157;3265] in YAMC cells (colon).

description_full:
  Understanding the molecular underpinnings of cancer is of critical importance to the development of targeted intervention strategies. Identification of such targets, however, is notoriously difficult and unpredictable. Malignant cell transformation requires the cooperation of a few oncogenic mutations that cause substantial reorganization of many cell features and induce complex changes in gene expression patterns. Genes critical to this multifaceted cellular phenotype have therefore only been identified after signalling pathway analysis or on an ad hoc basis. Our observations that cell transformation by cooperating oncogenic lesions depends on synergistic modulation of downstream signalling circuitry suggest that malignant transformation is a highly cooperative process, involving synergy at multiple levels of regulation, including gene expression. Here we show that a large proportion of genes controlled synergistically by loss-of-function p53 and Ras activation are critical to the malignant state of murine and human colon cells. Notably, 14 out of 24 'cooperation response genes' were found to contribute to tumour formation in gene perturbation experiments. In contrast, only 1 in 14 perturbations of the genes responding in a non-synergistic manner had a similar effect. Synergistic control of gene expression by oncogenic mutations thus emerges as an underlying key to malignancy, and provides an attractive rationale for identifying intervention targets in gene networks downstream of oncogenic gain- and loss-of-function mutations.


systematic_name: M1922
exact_source: Fig. 1: UP in iPS/ES
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE10781
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes up-regulated in the induced pluripotent cells (iPS) and embryonic stem cells (ES) compared to the parental lineage-committed and partially reprogrammed cell lines.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1366 characters]


systematic_name: M1923
exact_source: Fig. 1: DOWN in iPS/ES
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE10781
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes down-regulated in the induced pluripotent cells (iPS) and embryonic stem cells (ES) compared to the parental lineage-committed and partially reprogrammed cell lines.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1366 characters]


systematic_name: M1924
exact_source: Fig. 1: UP in partially reprogrammed iPS/ES
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE10871
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes up-regulated in partially reprogrammed and pluripotent cell populations (induced, iPS; and embryonic stem cells, ES) compared to parental lineage-commited cell lines.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1366 characters]


description_brief: Genes up-regulated in transgenic mice expressing human MYC [GeneID=4609] in prostate.
systematic_name: M2607
exact_source: Table 1S: rank <= 60, direction = up
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_full:
  Increased Myc gene copy number is observed in human prostate cancer. To define Myc's functional role, we generated transgenic mice expressing human c-Myc in the mouse prostate. All mice developed murine prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia followed by invasive adenocarcinoma. Microarray-based expression profiling identified a Myc prostate cancer expression signature, which included the putative human tumor suppressor NXK3.1. Human prostate tumor databases revealed modules of human genes that varied in concert with the Myc prostate cancer signature. This module includes the Pim-1 kinase, a gene known to cooperate with Myc in tumorigenesis, and defines a subset of human, Myc-like human cancers. This approach illustrates how genomic technologies can be applied to mouse cancer models to guide evaluation of human tumor databases.


systematic_name: M1929
exact_source: Table 2S: ES: ICP, K4me3
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE11172
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with intermediate-CpG-density promoters (ICP) bearing histone H3 trimethylation mark at K4 (H3K4me3) in ES cells (embryonic stem).

description_full:
  DNA methylation is essential for normal development and has been implicated in many pathologies including cancer. Our knowledge about the genome-wide distribution of DNA methylation, how it changes during cellular differentiation and how it relates to histone methylation and other chromatin modifications in mammals remains limited. Here we report the generation and analysis of genome-scale DNA methylation profiles at nucleotide resolution in mammalian cells. Using high-throughput reduced representation bisulphite sequencing and single-molecule-based sequencing, we generated DNA methylation maps covering most CpG islands, and a representative sampling of conserved non-coding elements, transposons and other genomic features, for mouse embryonic stem cells, embryonic-stem-cell-derived and primary neural cells, and eight other primary tissues. Several key findings emerge from the data. First, DNA methylation patterns are better correlated with histone methylation patterns than with the underlying genome sequence context. Second, methylation of CpGs are dynamic epigenetic marks that undergo extensive changes during cellular differentiation, particularly in regulatory regions outside of core promoters. Third, analysis of embryonic-stem-cell-derived and primary cells reveals that 'weak' CpG islands associated with a specific set of developmentally regulated genes undergo aberrant hypermethylation during extended proliferation in vitro, in a pattern reminiscent of that reported in some primary tumours. More generally, the results establish reduced representation bisulphite sequencing as a powerful technology for epigenetic profiling of cell populations relevant to developmental biology, cancer and regenerative medicine.


systematic_name: M1931
exact_source: Table 2S: ES: ICP, K4me3_K27me3
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE11172
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with intermediate-CpG-density promoters (ICP) bearing histone trimethylation marks at K4 (H3K4me3) and K27 (H3K27me3)ES cells (embryonic stem).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1741 characters]


systematic_name: M1932
exact_source: Table 2S: NPC(P18): HCP, K27me3
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE11172
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with high-CpG-density promoters (HCP) bearing the H3K27 tri-methylation (H3K27me3) mark in neural precursor cells (NPC).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1741 characters]


systematic_name: M1934
exact_source: Table 2S: NPC(P18): ICP, K4me3
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE11172
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with intermediate-CpG-density promoters (ICP) bearing histone H3 trimethylation mark at K4 (H3K4me3) in neural precursor cells (NPC).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1741 characters]


systematic_name: M1935
exact_source: Table 2S: NPC(P18): HCP, K4me3_K27me3
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE11172
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with high-CpG-density promoters (HCP) bearing histone H3 trimethylation marks at k4 (H3K4me3) and K27 ((H3K27me3) in neural precursor cells (NPC).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1741 characters]


systematic_name: M1936
exact_source: Table 2S: NPC(P18): HCP, None
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE11172
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with high-CpG-density promoters (HCP) that have no histone H3 methylation marks in neural precursor cells (NPC).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1741 characters]


systematic_name: M1937
exact_source: Table 2S: NPC(P18): ICP, None
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE11172
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with intermediate-CpG-density promoters (ICP) that have no histone H3 methylation marks in neural precursor cells (NPC).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1741 characters]


systematic_name: M1938
exact_source: Table 2S: WHOLE_BRAIN: HCP, K27ME3
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE11172
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with high-CpG-density promoters (HCP) bearing the H3K27 tri-methylation (H3K27me3) mark in brain.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1741 characters]


systematic_name: M1939
exact_source: Table 2S: WHOLE_BRAIN: ICP, K4me3
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE11172
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with intermediate-CpG-density promoters (ICP) bearing histone H3 trimethylation mark at K4 (H3K4me3) in brain.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1741 characters]


systematic_name: M17507
exact_source: Table 1S
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Transcripts significantly enriched in pseudopodia of NIH/3T3 cells (fibroblast) in response to both chemotactic (lysophosphatidic acid, LPA [PubChem=3988]) and haptotactic (fibronectin, FN1 [GeneID=2335) migratory stimuli.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1534 characters]


systematic_name: M15130
exact_source: Table 2S: Ps vs CB Fold Change > 0
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Transcripts enriched in pseudopodia of NIH/3T3 cells (fibroblast) in response to the chemotactic migration stimulus by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) [PubChem=3988].

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1534 characters]


systematic_name: M1943
exact_source: Fig. 7B: Genes increased by Mad1
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes up-regulated by overexpression of MAD1 [GeneID=4084] in primary thymocytes from RAG2 [GeneID=5897] knockout mice.

description_full:
  Activated lymphocytes must increase in size and duplicate their contents (cell growth) before they can divide. The molecular events that control cell growth in proliferating lymphocytes and other metazoan cells are still unclear. Here, we utilized transgenesis to provide evidence suggesting that the basic helix-loop- helix-zipper (bHLHZ) transcriptional repressor Mad1, considered to be an antagonist of Myc function, inhibits lymphocyte expansion, maturation and growth following pre-T-cell receptor (pre-TCR) and TCR stimulation. Furthermore, we utilized cDNA microarray technology to determine that, of the genes repressed by Mad1, the majority (77%) are involved in cell growth, which correlates with a decrease in size of Mad1 transgenic thymocytes. Over 80% of the genes repressed by Mad1 have previously been found to be induced by Myc. These results suggest that a balance between Myc and Mad levels may normally modulate lymphocyte proliferation and development in part by controlling expression of growth-regulating genes.


systematic_name: M1947
exact_source: Table 1S
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Cis-regulated expression quantitative loci (cis-eQTL) in the liver that contribute to metabolic quantitative traits (weight, fat mass, and plasma glucose and cholesterol levels).

description_full:
  Identifying variations in DNA that increase susceptibility to disease is one of the primary aims of genetic studies using a forward genetics approach. However, identification of disease-susceptibility genes by means of such studies provides limited functional information on how genes lead to disease. In fact, in most cases there is an absence of functional information altogether, preventing a definitive identification of the susceptibility gene or genes. Here we develop an alternative to the classic forward genetics approach for dissecting complex disease traits where, instead of identifying susceptibility genes directly affected by variations in DNA, we identify gene networks that are perturbed by susceptibility loci and that in turn lead to disease. Application of this method to liver and adipose gene expression data generated from a segregating mouse population results in the identification of a macrophage-enriched network supported as having a causal relationship with disease traits associated with metabolic syndrome. Three genes in this network, lipoprotein lipase (Lpl), lactamase beta (Lactb) and protein phosphatase 1-like (Ppm1l), are validated as previously unknown obesity genes, strengthening the association between this network and metabolic disease traits. Our analysis provides direct experimental support that complex traits such as obesity are emergent properties of molecular networks that are modulated by complex genetic loci and environmental factors.


systematic_name: M1949
exact_source: Table 2S: NPC (P18): HCP, K4me2_K27me3
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE11172
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with high-CpG-density promoters (HCP) bearing histone H3 dimethylation mark at K4 (H3K4me2) and trimethylation mark at K27 (H3K27me3) in neural precursor cells (NPC).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1741 characters]


systematic_name: M1950
exact_source: Table 2S: WHOLE_BRAIN: HCP, K4me2_K27me3
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE11172
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with high-CpG-density promoters (HCP) bearing bivalent histone H3 dimethylation mark at K4 (H3K4me2) and trimethlation mark at K27 (H3K27me3) in brain.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1741 characters]


systematic_name: M1951
exact_source: Table 2S: NPC(P18): HCP, K4me2
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE11172
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with high-CpG-density promoters (HCP) bearing histone H3 dimethylation mark at K4 (H3K4me2) in neural precursor cells (NPC).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1741 characters]


systematic_name: M1952
exact_source: Table 2S: WHOLE_BRAIN; HCP, K4me2
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE11172
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with high-CpG-density promoters (HCP) bearing histone H3 dimethylation mark (H3K4me2) in brain.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1741 characters]


systematic_name: M1954
exact_source: Table 2S: Promoter=HCP & MCV6=K27
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE11074
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with high-CpG-density promoters (HCP) bearing the tri-methylation mark at H3K27 (H3K27me3) in MCV6 cells (embryonic fibroblasts trapped in a differentiated state).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1366 characters]


systematic_name: M1955
exact_source: Table 2S: Promoter=ICP & MCV6=Biv
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE10781
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with intermediate-CpG-density promoters (ICP) bearing the bivalent trimethylation marks at H3K4 (H3K4me3) and H3K27 (H3K27me3) in MCV6 cells (embryonic fibroblasts trapped in a differentiated state).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1366 characters]


systematic_name: M1956
exact_source: Table 2S: Promoter=ICP & MCV6=K27
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE11074
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with intermediate-CpG-density promoters (ICP) bearing the tri-methylation mark at H3K27 (H3K27me3) in MCV6 cells (embryonic fibroblasts trapped in a differentiated state).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1366 characters]


systematic_name: M1957
exact_source: Table 2S: Promoter=LCP & MCV6=K27
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE11074
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with low-CpG-density promoters (LCP) bearing the tri-methylation mark at H3K27 (H3K27me3) in MCV6 cells (embryonic fibroblasts trapped in a differentiated state).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1366 characters]


systematic_name: M1960
exact_source: Table 2S: Promoter=LCP & MCV6=K4
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE11074
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with low-CpG-density promoters (LCP) bearing the tri-methylation mark at H3K4 (H3K4me3) in MCV6 cells (embryonic fibroblasts trapped in a differentiated state).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1366 characters]


systematic_name: M1962
exact_source: Table 2S: Promoter=ICP & MEF=Biv
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE11074
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with intermediate-CpG-density promoters (ICP) bearing the bivalent tri-methylation marks at H3K4 (H3K4me3) and H3K27 (H3K27me3) in MEF cells (embryonic fibroblasts).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1366 characters]


systematic_name: M1963
exact_source: Table 2S: Promoter=ICP & MEF=K27
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE11074
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with intermediate-CpG-density promoters (ICP) bearing the tri-methylation mark at H3K27 (H3K27me3) in MEF cells (embryonic fibroblasts).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1366 characters]


systematic_name: M1965
exact_source: Table 2S: Promoter=LCP & MEF=K27
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE11074
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with low-CpG-density promoters (LCP) bearing the tri-methylation mark at H3K27 (H3K27me3) in MEF cells (embryonic fibroblasts).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1366 characters]


systematic_name: M1966
exact_source: Table 2S: Promoter=LCP & MEF=K4
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE11074
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with low-CpG-density promoters (LCP) bearing tri-methylation mark at H3K4 (H3K4me3) in MEF cells (embryonic fibroblasts).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1366 characters]


systematic_name: M1969
exact_source: Table 2S: Promoter=ICP & MCV8.1=Biv
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE11074
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with intermediate-CpG-density promoters (ICP) bearing the bivalent tri-methylation marks at H3K4 (H3K4me3) and H3K27 (H3K27me3) in MCV8.1 cells (induced pluripotent cells, iPS).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1366 characters]


systematic_name: M1970
exact_source: Table 2S: Promoter=ICP & MCV8.1=K27
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE10871
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with intermediate-CpG-density promoters (ICP) bearing the tri-methylation mark at H3K27 (H3K27me3) in MCV8.1 cells (induced pluripotent cells, iPS).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1366 characters]


systematic_name: M1972
exact_source: Table 2S: Promoter=LCP & MCV8.1=Biv
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE11074
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with low-CpG-density promoters (LCP) bearing the bivalent tri-methylation marks at H3K4 (H3K4me3) and H3K27 (H3K27me3) in MCV8.1 cells (induced pluripotent cells, iPS).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1366 characters]


systematic_name: M1974
exact_source: Table 2S: Promoter=LCP & MCV8.1=K27
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE10871
contributor: Jessica Robertson
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with low-CpG-density promoters (LCP) bearing the tri-methylation mark at H3K27 (H3K27me3) in MCV8.1 cells (induced pluripotent cells, iPS).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1366 characters]


systematic_name: M3903
exact_source: Table 1
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes changed in LSK cells (bone marrow) as a function of a QTL for the size of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) population: comparison of reciprocal congenic strains D.B. Chr3 (DB), B.D. Chr3 (BD) and the parental strains B6 and D2.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1079 characters]


systematic_name: M1038
exact_source: Table 3S: Eigengene 1 Score < 0
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Top down-regulated genes from principal component 1 (PCA1) which captures variation between normal plasma cells and tumors arising from aberrant expression of BCL2L1 and MYC [GeneID=598;4609].

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1698 characters]


systematic_name: M18227
exact_source: Table 4S: Eigengene 3 Score > 0
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Top up-regulated genes from principal component 3 (PCA3) which captures variation among different plasma cell tumors arising from overexpression of BCL2L1 and MYC [GeneID=598;4609].

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1698 characters]


systematic_name: M9544
exact_source: Table 4S: Eigengene 3 Score < 0
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Top down-regulated genes from principal component 3 (PCA3) which captures variation among different plasma cell tumors arising from overexpression of BCL2L1 and MYC [GeneID=598;4609].

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1698 characters]


systematic_name: M13013
exact_source: Table 3: Il3ra
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE2031
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes whose expression is coregulated with that of IL3RA [GeneID=3563] in hematopoietic stem cells (HSC).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1095 characters]


systematic_name: M1998
exact_source: Table 4
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE2031
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes trans-regulated by the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) proliferation QTL (quantitative trait locus) Scp2.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1095 characters]


systematic_name: M2003
exact_source: Table 4S: Class=ICP & ESC state=K27
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE12241
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with intermediate-CpG-density promoters (ICP) bearing histone H3 K27 trimethylation mark (H3K27me3) in embryonic stem cells (ES).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1173 characters]


systematic_name: M2004
exact_source: Table 4S: Class=ICP & ESC state=K4
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE12241
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with intermediate-CpG-density (ICP) promoters bearing histone H3 K4 trimethylation mark (H3K4me3) in embryonic stem cells (ES).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1173 characters]


systematic_name: M2005
exact_source: Table 4S: Class=ICP & ESC state=K4+K27
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE12241
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with intermediate-CpG-density promoters (ICP) bearing bivalent histone H3 methylation mark (H3K4me3 and H3K27me3) in embryonic stem cells (ES).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1173 characters]


systematic_name: M2006
exact_source: Table 4S: Class=LCP & ESC state=K27
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE12241
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with low-CpG-density promoters bearing H3 trimethylation mark at K27 (H3K27me3) in embryonic stem cells (ES).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1173 characters]


systematic_name: M2007
exact_source: Table 4S: Class=LCP & ESC state=K4
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE12241
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with low-CpG-density promoters (LCP) bearing histone H3 trimethylation mark at K4 (H3K4me3) in embryonic stem cells (ES).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1173 characters]


systematic_name: M2008
exact_source: Table 4S: Class=LCP & ESC state=K4+k27
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE12241
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with low-CpG-density promoters (LCP) bearing the bivalent histone H3 trimethylation mark at K4 and K27 (H3K4me3 and H3K27me3) in embryonic stem cells (ES).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1173 characters]


systematic_name: M2009
exact_source: Table 4S: Class=HCP & NPC state=K27
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE12241
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with high-CpG-density promoters (HCP) bearing histone H3 trimethylation mark at K27 (H3K27me3) in neural progenitor cells (NPC).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1173 characters]


systematic_name: M2010
exact_source: Table 4S: Class=HCP & NPC state=K4+K27
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE12241
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with high-CpG-density promoters (HCP) bearing the bivalent histone H3 trimethylation mark at K4 and K27 (H3K4me3 and H3K27me3) in neural progenitor cells (NPC).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1173 characters]


systematic_name: M2011
exact_source: Table 4S: Class=ICP & NPC state=K27
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE12241
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with intermediate-CpG-density promoters (ICP) bearing histone H3 trimethylation mark at K27 (H3K27me3) in neural progenitor cells (NPC).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1173 characters]


systematic_name: M2013
exact_source: Table 4S: Class=ICP & NPC state=K4
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE12241
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with intermediate-CpG-density promoters (ICP) bearing histone H3 trimethylation mark at K4 (H3K4me3) in neural progenitor cells (NPC).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1173 characters]


systematic_name: M2017
exact_source: Table 4S: Class=LCP & NPC state=K27
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE12241
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with low-CpG-density promoters (LCP) bearing histone H3 trimethylation mark at K27 in neural progenitor cells (NPC).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1173 characters]


systematic_name: M2018
exact_source: Table 4S: Class=LCP & NPC state=K4
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE12241
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with low-CpG-density promoters (LCP) bearing histone H3 trimethylation mark at K4 (H3K4me3) in neural progenitor cells (NPC).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1173 characters]


systematic_name: M2019
exact_source: Table 4S: Class=HCP & MEF state=K27
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE12241
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes with high-CpG-density promoters (HCP) bearing histone H3 trimethylation mark at K27 (H3K27me3) in MEF cells (embryonic fibroblast).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1173 characters]


systematic_name: M15699
exact_source: Supp. data: out_b_data Web S6: Cluster No.=0
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE106,GSE107
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes co-regulated in uterus during a time course response to progesterone [PubChem=5994]: SOM cluster 0.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 952 characters]


systematic_name: M1145
exact_source: Supp. data: out_b_data Web S6: Cluster No.=1
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE106,GSE107
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes co-regulated in uterus during a time course response to progesterone [PubChem=5994]: SOM cluster 1.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 952 characters]


systematic_name: M2021
exact_source: Supp. data: out_b_data Web S6: Cluster No.=2
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE106,GSE107
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes co-regulated in uterus during a time course response to progesterone [PubChem=5994]: SOM cluster 2.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 952 characters]


systematic_name: M12322
exact_source: Supp. data: out_b_data Web S6: Cluster No.=3
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE106,GSE107
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes co-regulated in uterus during a time course response to progesterone [PubChem=5994]: SOM cluster 3.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 952 characters]


systematic_name: M16325
exact_source: Supp. data: out_b_data Web S6: Cluster No.=4
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE107,GSE106
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes co-regulated in uterus during a time course response to progesterone [PubChem=5994]: SOM cluster 4.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 952 characters]


systematic_name: M13387
exact_source: Supp. data: out_b_data Web S6: Cluster No.=6
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE106,GSE107
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes co-regulated in uterus during a time course response to progesterone [PubChem=5994]: SOM cluster 6.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 952 characters]


systematic_name: M17481
exact_source: Supp. data: out_b_data Web S6: Cluster No.=7
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE107,GSE106
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes co-regulated in uterus during a time course response to progesterone [PubChem=5994]: SOM cluster 7.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 952 characters]


systematic_name: M16033
exact_source: Supp. data: out_b_data Web S6: Cluster No.=8
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE107,GSE106
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes co-regulated in uterus during a time course response to progesterone [PubChem=5994]: SOM cluster 8.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 952 characters]


systematic_name: M19891
exact_source: Supp. data: out_b_data Web S6: Cluster No.=12
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE107,GSE106
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes co-regulated in uterus during a time course response to progesterone [PubChem=5994]: SOM cluster 12.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 952 characters]


systematic_name: M2031
exact_source: Table 1: 3 h or 6 h < 0
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes down-regulated in the brain cortex of mice that were exposed to an enriched learning environment for one day.

description_full:
  An enriched environment is known to promote structural changes in the brain and to enhance learning and memory performance in rodents [Hebb, D. O. (1947) Am. Psychol. 2, 306-307]. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these experience-dependent cognitive changes, we have used high-density oligonucleotide microarrays to analyze gene expression in the brain. Expression of a large number of genes changes in response to enrichment training, many of which can be linked to neuronal structure, synaptic plasticity, and transmission. A number of these genes may play important roles in modulating learning and memory capacity.


systematic_name: M2040
exact_source: Table 3: clusters 11, 17, 32
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes up-regulated in 3T3-L1 cells (fibroblast) induced to differentiate to mature adipocytes and then treated with a TZD derivative AD-5075 [PubChem=128440], a PPARG [GeneID=5468] activator.

description_full:
  PPAR gamma is an adipocyte-specific nuclear hormone receptor. Agonists of PPAR gamma, such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs), promote adipocyte differentiation and have insulin-sensitizing effects in animals and diabetic patients. Affymetrix oligonucleotide arrays representing 6347 genes were employed to profile the gene expression responses of mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes and differentiating preadipocytes to a TZD PPAR gamma agonist in vitro. The expression of 579 genes was significantly up- or down-regulated by more than 1.5-fold during differentiation and/or by treatment with TZD, and these genes were organized into 32 clusters that demonstrated concerted changes in expression of genes controlling cell growth or lipid metabolism. Quantitative PCR was employed to further characterize gene expression and led to the identification of beta-catenin as a new PPAR gamma target gene. Both mRNA and protein levels for beta-catenin were down-regulated in 3T3-L1 adipocytes compared with fibroblasts and were further decreased by treatment of adipocytes with PPAR gamma agonists. Treatment of db/db mice with a PPAR gamma agonist also resulted in reduction of beta-catenin mRNA levels in adipose tissue. These results suggest that beta-catenin plays an important role in the regulation of adipogenesis. Thus, the transcriptional patterns revealed in this study further the understanding of adipogenesis process and the function of PPAR gamma activation.


systematic_name: M2041
exact_source: Table 3: clusters 1,8,9,18-20,23,27
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes down-regulated in 3T3-L1 cells (fibroblast) induced to differentiate to mature adipocytes and then treated with a TZD derivative AD-5075 [PubChem=128440], a PPARG [GeneID=5468] activator.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1449 characters]


systematic_name: M2068
exact_source: Table 2: Downregulated genes
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes down-regulated in MEF cells (embryonic fibroblast) lacking TP53 and BRCA1 [GeneID=7157;672] by expression of BRCA1.

description_full:
  The tumor suppressor protein BRCA1 has been shown to enhance p53 transcription, whereas activated p53 represses BRCA1 transcription. To further understand the functional interaction of these proteins, we investigated the role of BRCA1 in p53-induced phenotypes. We found that BRCA1 when subjected to forced expression acts synergistically with wild-type p53, resulting in irreversible growth arrest, as shown by VhD mouse fibroblast cells expressing a temperature-sensitive mutant of p53. Furthermore, reintroduction of both BRCA1 and p53 into BRCA1(-/-)/p53(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts markedly increased the senescence phenotype compared to that induced by p53 alone. In particular, we found that BRCA1 expression attenuated p53-mediated cell death in response to gamma-irradiation. Moreover, microarray screening of 11 000 murine genes demonstrated that a set of genes upregulated by p53 is enhanced by coexpression of BRCA1 and p53, suggesting that BRCA1 and p53 exert a promoter selectivity leading to a specific phenotype. Taken together, our results provide evidence that BRCA1 is involved in p53-mediated growth suppression rather than apoptosis.


systematic_name: M2088
exact_source: Table 1S: ITNK vs DN3 Ratio < 1
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE21016
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes down-regulated in ITNK cells (T-lymphocyte progenitors (DN3 cells) reprogrammed to natural killer (NK) cells by ablation of BCL11B [GeneID=64919] gene), compared to the parental DN3 cells.

description_full:
  T cells develop in the thymus and are critical for adaptive immunity. Natural killer (NK) lymphocytes constitute an essential component of the innate immune system in tumor surveillance, reproduction, and defense against microbes and viruses. Here, we show that the transcription factor Bcl11b was expressed in all T cell compartments and was indispensable for T lineage development. When Bcl11b was deleted, T cells from all developmental stages acquired NK cell properties and concomitantly lost or decreased T cell-associated gene expression. These induced T-to-natural killer (ITNK) cells, which were morphologically and genetically similar to conventional NK cells, killed tumor cells in vitro, and effectively prevented tumor metastasis in vivo. Therefore, ITNKs may represent a new cell source for cell-based therapies.


description_brief: Network of differentially expressed myeloid genes centered around CEBPA [GeneID=1050].
systematic_name: M2092
exact_source: Table 1S
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE21155
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_full:
  Dominant RUNX1 inhibition has been proposed as a common pathway for CBF leukemia. CBF beta-SMMHC, a fusion protein in human acute myeloid leukemia (AML), dominantly inhibits RUNX1 largely through its RUNX1 high-affinity binding domain (HABD). However, the type I CBF beta-SMMHC fusion in AML patients lacks HABD. Here, we report that the type I CBF beta-SMMHC protein binds RUNX1 inefficiently. Knockin mice expressing CBF beta-SMMHC with a HABD deletion developed leukemia quickly, even though hematopoietic defects associated with Runx1-inhibition were partially rescued. A larger pool of leukemia-initiating cells, increased MN1 expression, and retention of RUNX1 phosphorylation are potential mechanisms for accelerated leukemia development in these mice. Our data suggest that RUNX1 dominant inhibition may not be a critical step for leukemogenesis by CBF beta-SMMHC.


systematic_name: M2136
exact_source: Table 3S
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE18478
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes up-regulated by hypoxia in TRAMP-C cells (prostatic cancer) expressing HIF1A and FOXA2 [GeneID=3091,3170] off plasmid vectors.

description_full:
  Neuroendocrine (NE) phenotype, seen in >30% of prostate adenocarcinomas (PCa), and NE prostate tumors are implicated in aggressive prostate cancer. Formation of NE prostate tumors in the TRAMP mouse model was suppressed in mice lacking the ubiquitin ligase Siah2, which regulates HIF-1alpha availability. Cooperation between HIF-1alpha and FoxA2, a transcription factor expressed in NE tissue, promotes recruitment of p300 to transactivate select HIF-regulated genes, Hes6, Sox9, and Jmjd1a. These HIF-regulated genes are highly expressed in metastatic PCa and required for hypoxia-mediated NE phenotype, metastasis in PCa, and the formation of NE tumors. Tissue-specific expression of FoxA2 combined with Siah2-dependent HIF-1alpha availability enables a transcriptional program required for NE prostate tumor development and NE phenotype in PCa.


systematic_name: M2185
exact_source: Table 2S
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE8156
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes up-regulated in ovarian tumors from mouse models for the BMP SMAD signaling (gonad specific double knockout of SMAD1 and SMAD5 [GeneID=4086, 4090]).

description_full:
  The transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) family has critical roles in the regulation of fertility. In addition, the pathogenesis of some human cancers is attributed to misregulation of TGFbeta function and SMAD2 or SMAD4 mutations. There are limited mouse models for the BMP signaling SMADs (BR-SMADs) 1, 5, and 8 because of embryonic lethality and suspected genetic redundancy. Using tissue-specific ablation in mice, we deleted the BR-SMADs from somatic cells of ovaries and testes. Single conditional knockouts for Smad1 or Smad5 or mice homozygous null for Smad8 are viable and fertile. Female double Smad1 Smad5 and triple Smad1 Smad5 Smad8 conditional knockout mice become infertile and develop metastatic granulosa cell tumors. Male double Smad1 Smad5 conditional knockout mice are fertile but demonstrate metastatic testicular tumor development. Microarray analysis indicated significant alterations in expression of genes related to the TGFbeta pathway, as well as genes involved in infertility and extracellular matrix production. These data strongly implicate the BR-SMADs as part of a critical developmental pathway in ovaries and testis that, when disrupted, leads to malignant transformation.


systematic_name: M2186
exact_source: Table 1S
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE8156
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes down-regulated in ovarian tumors from mouse models for the BMP SMAD signaling (gonad specific double knockout of SMAD1 and SMAD5 [GeneID=4086, 4090]).

description_full:
  The transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) family has critical roles in the regulation of fertility. In addition, the pathogenesis of some human cancers is attributed to misregulation of TGFbeta function and SMAD2 or SMAD4 mutations. There are limited mouse models for the BMP signaling SMADs (BR-SMADs) 1, 5, and 8 because of embryonic lethality and suspected genetic redundancy. Using tissue-specific ablation in mice, we deleted the BR-SMADs from somatic cells of ovaries and testes. Single conditional knockouts for Smad1 or Smad5 or mice homozygous null for Smad8 are viable and fertile. Female double Smad1 Smad5 and triple Smad1 Smad5 Smad8 conditional knockout mice become infertile and develop metastatic granulosa cell tumors. Male double Smad1 Smad5 conditional knockout mice are fertile but demonstrate metastatic testicular tumor development. Microarray analysis indicated significant alterations in expression of genes related to the TGFbeta pathway, as well as genes involved in infertility and extracellular matrix production. These data strongly implicate the BR-SMADs as part of a critical developmental pathway in ovaries and testis that, when disrupted, leads to malignant transformation.


description_brief: Genes differentially expressed in E18.5 whole embryos upon knockout of FBXW8 [GeneID=26259].
systematic_name: M2187
exact_source: Table 1
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_full:
  CUL7 binds to SKP1, RBX1, and FBXW8 to form a cullin-RING ligase, or an SKP1-cullin-F box protein complex. The targeted disruption of the Cul7 gene in mice results in significant reduction in embryo size and neonatal lethality. In humans, CUL7 was found to be mutated in the 3-M dwarfism syndrome characterized by severe pre- and postnatal growth retardation, indicating that CUL7 is closely associated with human and mouse growth. We generated mice lacking Fbxw8 by gene trapping. Similar to Cul7(-/-) animals, Fbxw8(-/-) embryos and placentas were smaller than wild-type and heterozygous littermates and placentas. Approximately 30% of the expected number of Fbxw8(-/-) mice survived birth, but these mice remained smaller than their wild-type and heterozygous littermates throughout postnatal development. FBXW8 expression was detected in most organs of wild-type mice examined, and the organs in Fbxw8(-/-) mice were smaller than those in wild-type mice. Fbxw8 expression levels were highest in skeletal muscle, cartilage, and lung tissue. Expression profiling revealed elevated levels of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP1) transcripts in Fbxw8(-/-) embryos. Furthermore, we observed increased levels of IGFBP2 in Cul7(-/-) as well as Fbxw8(-/-) fibroblasts. These results demonstrate that the FBXW8-CUL7 complex plays a significant role in growth control.


description_brief: Genes up-regulated in small intestine upon loss of both APC and MBD2 [GeneID=324, 8932].
systematic_name: M2201
exact_source: Table 2S: asterics
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_full:
  We have previously shown that deficiency of the methyl binding domain protein Mbd2 dramatically reduces adenoma burden on an Apc(Min/+) background. To investigate the mechanism underlying this phenomenon, we have determined the effect of Mbd2 deficiency upon the phenotypes imposed by the conditional deletion of Apc in the small intestine. Microarray analysis demonstrated a partial suppression of the Wnt pathway in the absence of Mbd2. Mbd2 deficiency also influenced one immediate cellular consequence of Apc loss, with normalization of Paneth cell positioning. From a mechanistic perspective, we show that deficiency of Mbd2 elevates levels of the known Wnt target Lect2, and we confirm here that Mbd2 binds the Lect2 promoter in association with NuRD. Furthermore, we show that Lect2 is capable of functioning as a Wnt pathway repressor. These results therefore provide a mechanistic basis for the epigenetic control of adenoma formation mediated through Mbd2.


systematic_name: M2225
exact_source: Table 2S: Fold < 1
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes down-regulated in osteoblasts from wild type male mice compared to those with AR [GeneID=367] knockout.

description_full:
  While androgen receptor (AR)-deficient mice developed osteopenia in endochondral bones due to the high bone turnover with increased bone resorption by osteoclasts, little is known about the mechanism of intramembranous bone loss contributed by AR in osteoblasts. Here, we discovered a dramatic decrease in the area of calcification, new bone, and the number of osteocytes in calvaria from AR-deficient mice related to a reduction in mineralization caused, in part, by the diminished activity of AR-deficient osteoblasts. Enforced AR expression in differentiated osteoblasts boosts mineralization while knockdown of AR expression prevents androgen-induced mineralization. We identified the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) and several members of small integrin binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) gene family as androgen target genes required for AR-mediated bone formation. We show that inorganic phosphate (P(i)) levels and TNSALP activity increased in response to androgen/AR and P(i) signals increase the expression and translocation of AR. The ectopic expression of TNSALP or P(i) partially rescued the bone loss due to AR deficiency. Thus, androgen/AR signaling plays an essential role in bone formation by coordinating the expression of genes associated with phosphate regulation.


systematic_name: M2242
exact_source: Table 1S: category WTG vs SAG = CatA
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Category A genes: p53-dependent genes whose expression in the absence of S389 phosphorylation is similar to loss of TP53 [GeneID=7157] in MEF (embryonic fibroblast) cells in response to UV-C irradiation.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1614 characters]


systematic_name: M2245
exact_source: Table 1S: category WTG vs SAG = CatC
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Category C genes: p53-independent genes whose expression in the absence of S389 phosphorylation is dissimilar to loss of TP53 [GeneID=7157] in MEF (embryonic fibroblast) cells in response to UV-C irradiation.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1614 characters]


systematic_name: M2246
exact_source: Table 1S: category WTG vs SAG = CatD
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Category D genes: p53-independent genes whose expression in the absence of S389 phosphorylation is similar to loss of TP53 [GeneID=7157] in MEF (embryonic fibroblast) cells in response to UV-C irradiation.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1614 characters]


systematic_name: M2249
exact_source: Table 2S: Found in=WT_II
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Middle response genes: differentially expressed in the period between 3 h and 12 h after UV-C irradiation of MEF cells (embryonic fibroblast).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1614 characters]


systematic_name: M2262
exact_source: Table 2S: Fold change < 0
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE8454
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Partial list of genes down-regulated in the kidney of GLIS2 [GeneID=84662] knockout mice compared to the wild type.

description_full:
  To obtain insight into the physiological functions of the Krüppel-like zinc finger protein Gli-similar 2 (Glis2), mice deficient in Glis2 expression were generated. Glis2 mutant (Glis2(mut)) mice exhibit significantly shorter life spans than do littermate wild-type (WT) mice due to the development of progressive chronic kidney disease with features resembling nephronophthisis. Glis2(mut) mice develop severe renal atrophy involving increased cell death and basement membrane thickening in the proximal convoluted tubules. This development is accompanied by infiltration of lymphocytic inflammatory cells and interstitial/glomerular fibrosis. The severity of the fibrosis, inflammatory infiltrates, and glomerular and tubular changes progresses with age. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine increase, and Glis2(mut) mice develop proteinuria and ultimately die prematurely of renal failure. A comparison of the gene expression profiles of kidneys from 25-day-old/60-day-old WT and Glis2(mut) mice by microarray analysis showed increased expressions of many genes involved in immune responses/inflammation and fibrosis/tissue remodeling in kidneys of Glis2(mut) mice, including several cytokines and adhesion and extracellular matrix proteins. Our data demonstrate that a deficiency in Glis2 expression leads to tubular atrophy and progressive fibrosis, similar to nephronophthisis, that ultimately results in renal failure. Our study indicates that Glis2 plays a critical role in the maintenance of normal kidney architecture and functions.


description_brief: Genes down-regulated in MEF cells (embryonic fibroblast) upon knockout of ATF2 [GeneID=1386].
systematic_name: M2279
exact_source: Table 1S
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_full:
  Transcription factor ATF-2 is a nuclear target of stress-activated protein kinases, such as p38, which are activated by various extracellular stresses, including UV light. Here, we show that ATF-2 plays a critical role in hypoxia- and high-cell-density-induced apoptosis and the development of mammary tumors. Compared to wild-type cells, Atf-2(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were more resistant to hypoxia- and anisomycin-induced apoptosis but remained equally susceptible to other stresses, including UV. Atf-2(-/-) and Atf-2(+/-) MEFs could not express a group of genes, such as Gadd45alpha, whose overexpression can induce apoptosis, in response to hypoxia. Atf-2(-/-) MEFs also had a higher saturation density than wild-type cells and expressed lower levels of Maspin, the breast cancer tumor suppressor, which is also known to enhance cellular sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli. Atf-2(-/-) MEFs underwent a lower degree of apoptosis at high cell density than wild-type cells. Atf-2(+/-) mice were highly prone to mammary tumors that expressed reduced levels of Gadd45alpha and Maspin. The ATF-2 mRNA levels in human breast cancers were lower than those in normal breast tissue. Thus, ATF-2 acts as a tumor susceptibility gene of mammary tumors, at least partly, by activating a group of target genes, including Maspin and Gadd45alpha.


description_brief: Genes down-regulated in testis tissues upon knockout of TAF7L [GeneID=54457].
systematic_name: M2285
exact_source: Table 3
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE5510
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_full:
  TFIID is a general transcription factor required for transcription of most protein-coding genes by RNA polymerase II. TAF7L is an X-linked germ cell-specific paralogue of TAF7, which is a generally expressed component of TFIID. Here, we report the generation of Taf7l mutant mice by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells by using the Cre-loxP strategy. While spermatogenesis was completed in Taf7l(-/Y) mice, the weight of Taf7l(-/Y) testis decreased and the amount of sperm in the epididymides was sharply reduced. Mutant epididymal sperm exhibited abnormal morphology, including folded tails. Sperm motility was significantly reduced, and Taf7l(-/Y) males were fertile with reduced litter size. Microarray profiling revealed that the abundance of six gene transcripts (including Fscn1) in Taf7l(-/Y) testes decreased more than twofold. In particular, FSCN1 is an F-action-bundling protein and thus may be critical for normal sperm morphology and sperm motility. Although deficiency of Taf7l may be compensated in part by Taf7, Taf7l has apparently evolved new specialized functions in the gene-selective transcription in male germ cell differentiation. Our mouse studies suggest that mutations in the human TAF7L gene might be implicated in X-linked oligozoospermia in men.


description_brief: Genes up-regulated in liver tissue upon knockout of H2AFY [GeneID=9555].
systematic_name: M2287
exact_source: Table 1S: ratio ko/cont > 1
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_full:
  macroH2A histone variants have been implicated to function in gene silencing by several studies, including ones showing a preferential association of macroH2A on the inactive X chromosome. To examine macroH2A function in vivo, we knocked out macroH2A1. macroH2A1 knockout mice are viable and fertile. A broad screen of liver gene expression showed no evidence of defects in X inactivation but did identify genes that have increased expression levels in macroH2A1 knockouts. macroH2A1-containing nucleosomes are enriched on the coding and/or upstream regions of these genes, suggesting that their increased expression levels are a direct effect of the absence of macroH2A1. The concentrations of macroH2A1 nucleosomes on these genes are low in the livers of newborn mice, and the macroH2A1 knockout had little effect on the expression levels of these genes in newborn liver. Our results indicate that an increase in liver macroH2A1 during the transition from newborn to young-adult status contributes to a decrease in the expression levels of these genes. These genes cluster in the area of lipid metabolism, and we observed metabolic effects in macroH2A1 knockouts. Our results indicate that the function of macroH2A1 histones is not restricted to gene silencing but also involves fine tuning the expression of specific genes.


systematic_name: M2294
exact_source: Suppl. file 'cluster_list_Bakker.xls': cluster A, D, E
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes up-regulated in I/11 erythroblast cells upon expression of an activated form of FOXO3 [GeneID=2309].

description_full:
  The cooperation of stem cell factor (SCF) and erythropoietin (Epo) is required to induce renewal divisions in erythroid progenitors, whereas differentiation to mature erythrocytes requires the presence of Epo only. Epo and SCF activate common signaling pathways such as the activation of protein kinase B (PKB) and the subsequent phosphorylation and inactivation of Foxo3a. In contrast, only Epo activates Stat5. Both Foxo3a and Stat5 promote erythroid differentiation. To understand the interplay of SCF and Epo in maintaining the balance between renewal and differentiation during erythroid development, we investigated differential Foxo3a target regulation by Epo and SCF. Expression profiling revealed that a subset of Foxo3a targets was not inhibited but was activated by Epo. One of these genes was Cited2. Transcriptional control of Epo/Foxo3a-induced Cited2 was studied and compared with that of the Epo-repressed Foxo3a target Btg1. We show that in response to Epo, the allegedly growth-inhibitory factor Foxo3a associates with the allegedly growth-stimulatory factor Stat5 in the nucleus, which is required for Epo-induced Cited2 expression. In contrast, Btg1 expression is controlled by the cooperation of Foxo3a with cyclic AMP- and Jun kinase-dependent Creb family members. Thus, Foxo3a not only is an effector of PKB but also integrates distinct signals to regulate gene expression in erythropoiesis.


systematic_name: M2295
exact_source: Suppl. file 'cluster_list_Bakker.xls': cluster B, C
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes down-regulated in I/11 erythroblast cells upon expression of an activated form of FOXO3 [GeneID=2309].

description_full:
  The cooperation of stem cell factor (SCF) and erythropoietin (Epo) is required to induce renewal divisions in erythroid progenitors, whereas differentiation to mature erythrocytes requires the presence of Epo only. Epo and SCF activate common signaling pathways such as the activation of protein kinase B (PKB) and the subsequent phosphorylation and inactivation of Foxo3a. In contrast, only Epo activates Stat5. Both Foxo3a and Stat5 promote erythroid differentiation. To understand the interplay of SCF and Epo in maintaining the balance between renewal and differentiation during erythroid development, we investigated differential Foxo3a target regulation by Epo and SCF. Expression profiling revealed that a subset of Foxo3a targets was not inhibited but was activated by Epo. One of these genes was Cited2. Transcriptional control of Epo/Foxo3a-induced Cited2 was studied and compared with that of the Epo-repressed Foxo3a target Btg1. We show that in response to Epo, the allegedly growth-inhibitory factor Foxo3a associates with the allegedly growth-stimulatory factor Stat5 in the nucleus, which is required for Epo-induced Cited2 expression. In contrast, Btg1 expression is controlled by the cooperation of Foxo3a with cyclic AMP- and Jun kinase-dependent Creb family members. Thus, Foxo3a not only is an effector of PKB but also integrates distinct signals to regulate gene expression in erythropoiesis.


description_brief: Genes strongly up-regulated in colon tissue upon MBD2 [GeneID=8932] knockout.
systematic_name: M2296
exact_source: Table 1
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_full:
  Gene expression in the gut is segmentally regulated, but little is known of the molecular origin of patterning. Analysis of gene expression in colons from mice lacking the methyl-CpG binding repressor MBD2 revealed frequent activation of genes that are normally only expressed in the exocrine pancreas and duodenum. Reduced DNA methylation activated the same gene set in the colon. No significant differences in DNA methylation between the colon and duodenum were detected, but MBD2 was significantly more abundant in the colon. The relevance of MBD2 concentration was tested in a human colon cancer cell line. Depletion of MBD2 was again found to activate exocrine pancreatic genes. Gene activation in this cell culture model was accompanied by loss of promoter-bound MBD2 and increased histone acetylation. The results suggest that modulation of MBD2 during gut development establishes a region-specific gene expression pattern that is essential for establishing correct segmental character.


systematic_name: M2300
exact_source: Table 5S: Comparison=9.5 dpc KO versus 9.5 dpc WT
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: E-MEXP-832
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes down-regulated in 9.5 days post coitus (dpc) embryos with COMMD1 [GeneID=150684] knockout compared to normal 9.5 dpc embryos.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1367 characters]


systematic_name: M2301
exact_source: Table 4S-5S: Comparison=9.5 dpc KO and 8.5 dpc WT versus 9.5 dpc WT
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: E-MEXP-832
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes up-regulated in 9.5 days post coitus (dpc) embryos with COMMD1 [GeneID=150684] knockout and in normal 8.5 dpc embryos compared to normal 9.5 dpc embryos.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1367 characters]


systematic_name: M2303
exact_source: Table 5S: Comparison=8.5 dpc WT versus 9.5 dpc WT
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: E-MEXP-832
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes up-regulated in normal 9.5 days post coitus (dpc) embryos compared to normal 8.5 dpc and 9.5 dpc embryos.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1367 characters]


systematic_name: M2304
exact_source: Table 7S: Comparison=8.5 dpc WT versus 9.5 dpc WT
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: E-MEXP-832
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes down-regulated in normal 9.5 days post coitus (dpc) embryos compared to normal 8.5 dpc and 9.5 dpc embryos.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1367 characters]


systematic_name: M2317
exact_source: Suppl. data: UP by HDAC-VP16 & DN by HDAC7-dP
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE7468
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes up-regulated in DO11.10 cells (hybridoma) by expression of transciptionally activating form of HDAC7 [GeneID=51564] and down-regulated by its transcriptionally repressing form.

description_full:
  Histone deacetylase 7 (HDAC7) is highly expressed in CD4(+)/CD8(+) thymocytes and functions as a signal-dependent repressor of gene transcription during T-cell development. In this study, we expressed HDAC7 mutant proteins in a T-cell line and use DNA microarrays to identify transcriptional targets of HDAC7 in T cells. The changes in gene expression levels were compared to differential gene expression profiles associated with positive and negative thymic selection. This analysis reveals that HDAC7 regulates an extensive set of genes that are differentially expressed during both positive and negative thymic selection. Many of these genes play important functional roles in thymic selection, primarily via modulating the coupling between antigen receptor engagement and downstream signaling events. Consistent with the model that HDAC7 may play an important role in both positive and negative thymic selection, the expression of distinct HDAC7 mutants or the abrogation of HDAC7 expression can either enhance or inhibit the signal-dependent differentiation of a CD4(+)/CD8(+) cell line.


systematic_name: M2318
exact_source: Suppl. data: DN by HDAC-VP16 & UP by HDAC7-dP
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE7468
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes down-regulated in DO11.10 cells (hybridoma) by expression of transciptionally activating form of HDAC7 [GeneID=51564] and up-regulated by its transcriptionally repressing form.

description_full:
  Histone deacetylase 7 (HDAC7) is highly expressed in CD4(+)/CD8(+) thymocytes and functions as a signal-dependent repressor of gene transcription during T-cell development. In this study, we expressed HDAC7 mutant proteins in a T-cell line and use DNA microarrays to identify transcriptional targets of HDAC7 in T cells. The changes in gene expression levels were compared to differential gene expression profiles associated with positive and negative thymic selection. This analysis reveals that HDAC7 regulates an extensive set of genes that are differentially expressed during both positive and negative thymic selection. Many of these genes play important functional roles in thymic selection, primarily via modulating the coupling between antigen receptor engagement and downstream signaling events. Consistent with the model that HDAC7 may play an important role in both positive and negative thymic selection, the expression of distinct HDAC7 mutants or the abrogation of HDAC7 expression can either enhance or inhibit the signal-dependent differentiation of a CD4(+)/CD8(+) cell line.


systematic_name: M2319
exact_source: Suppl. data: UP by HDAC-VP16 & UP by HDAC7-dP
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE7468
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes up-regulated in DO11.10 cells (hybridoma) by expression of transciptionally activating and by transcriptionally repressive forms of HDAC7 [GeneID=51564].

description_full:
  Histone deacetylase 7 (HDAC7) is highly expressed in CD4(+)/CD8(+) thymocytes and functions as a signal-dependent repressor of gene transcription during T-cell development. In this study, we expressed HDAC7 mutant proteins in a T-cell line and use DNA microarrays to identify transcriptional targets of HDAC7 in T cells. The changes in gene expression levels were compared to differential gene expression profiles associated with positive and negative thymic selection. This analysis reveals that HDAC7 regulates an extensive set of genes that are differentially expressed during both positive and negative thymic selection. Many of these genes play important functional roles in thymic selection, primarily via modulating the coupling between antigen receptor engagement and downstream signaling events. Consistent with the model that HDAC7 may play an important role in both positive and negative thymic selection, the expression of distinct HDAC7 mutants or the abrogation of HDAC7 expression can either enhance or inhibit the signal-dependent differentiation of a CD4(+)/CD8(+) cell line.


systematic_name: M2322
exact_source: Suppl. data: DN by HDAC-VP16 & DN by HDAC7-dP
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE7468
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes down-regulated in DO11.10 cells (hybridoma) by expression of transciptionally activating and by transcriptionally repressive forms of HDAC7 [GeneID=51564].

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1092 characters]


systematic_name: M2332
exact_source: Table 5S: genes 1-27
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes translationally up-regulated by serum in MEF cells (embryonic fibroblast) lacking TSC1 [GeneID=7248].

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1522 characters]


systematic_name: M2346
exact_source: Table 5: Ratio > 0
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Top 20 up-regulated genes in leukemic progenitor cells expressing activated fusion of ESWR1 and FLI1 [GeneID=2130, 2313] compared to normal hematopoetic progenitors.

description_full:
  EWS/FLI-1 is a chimeric oncogene generated by chromosomal translocation in Ewing tumors, a family of poorly differentiated pediatric tumors arising predominantly in bone but also in soft tissue. The fusion gene combines sequences encoding a strong transactivating domain from the EWS protein with the DNA binding domain of FLI-1, an ETS transcription factor. A related fusion, TLS/ERG, has been found in myeloid leukemia. To determine EWS/FLI-1 function in vivo, we engineered mice with Cre-inducible expression of EWS/FLI-1 from the ubiquitous Rosa26 locus. When crossed with Mx1-cre mice, Cre-mediated activation of EWS/FLI-1 resulted in the rapid development of myeloid/erythroid leukemia characterized by expansion of primitive mononuclear cells causing hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, severe anemia, and death. The disease could be transplanted serially into naïve recipients. Gene expression profiles of primary and transplanted animals were highly similar, suggesting that activation of EWS/FLI-1 was the primary event leading to disease in this model. The Cre-inducible EWS/FLI-1 mouse provides a novel model system to study the contribution of this oncogene to malignant disease in vivo.


systematic_name: M2347
exact_source: Table 5: Ratio < 0
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Top 20 down-regulated genes in leukemic progenitor cells expressing activated fusion of ESWR1 and FLI1 [GeneID=2130, 2313] compared to normal hematopoetic progenitors.

description_full:
  EWS/FLI-1 is a chimeric oncogene generated by chromosomal translocation in Ewing tumors, a family of poorly differentiated pediatric tumors arising predominantly in bone but also in soft tissue. The fusion gene combines sequences encoding a strong transactivating domain from the EWS protein with the DNA binding domain of FLI-1, an ETS transcription factor. A related fusion, TLS/ERG, has been found in myeloid leukemia. To determine EWS/FLI-1 function in vivo, we engineered mice with Cre-inducible expression of EWS/FLI-1 from the ubiquitous Rosa26 locus. When crossed with Mx1-cre mice, Cre-mediated activation of EWS/FLI-1 resulted in the rapid development of myeloid/erythroid leukemia characterized by expansion of primitive mononuclear cells causing hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, severe anemia, and death. The disease could be transplanted serially into naïve recipients. Gene expression profiles of primary and transplanted animals were highly similar, suggesting that activation of EWS/FLI-1 was the primary event leading to disease in this model. The Cre-inducible EWS/FLI-1 mouse provides a novel model system to study the contribution of this oncogene to malignant disease in vivo.


systematic_name: M2348
exact_source: Table 4S: Ratio > 1
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes up-regulated in leukemic progenitor cells expressing activated fusion of ESWR1 and FLI1 [GeneID=2130, 2313] compared to normal hematopoetic progenitors.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1192 characters]


systematic_name: M2353
exact_source: Fig. 7B: FC > 1
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE9124
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes up-regulated in E12.5 hearts from mice with SP3 [GeneID=6670] knockout compared to the wild type organ.

description_full:
  Mice lacking the zinc finger transcription factor specificity protein 3 (Sp3) die prenatally in the C57BL/6 background. To elucidate the cause of mortality we analyzed the potential role of Sp3 in embryonic heart development. Sp3 null hearts display defective looping at embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5), and at E14.5 the Sp3 null mutants have developed a range of severe cardiac malformations. In an attempt to position Sp3 in the cardiac developmental hierarchy, we analyzed the expression patterns of >15 marker genes in Sp3 null hearts. Expression of cardiac ankyrin repeat protein (Carp) was downregulated prematurely after E12.5, while expression of the other marker genes was not affected. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that Sp3 is bound to the Carp promoter region in vivo. Microarray analysis indicates that small-molecule metabolism and cell-cell interactions are the most significantly affected biological processes in E12.5 Sp3 null myocardium. Since the epicardium showed distension from the myocardium, we studied expression of Wt1, a marker for epicardial cells. Wt1 expression was diminished in epicardium-derived cells in the myocardium of Sp3 null hearts. We conclude that Sp3 is required for normal cardiac development and suggest that it has a crucial role in myocardial differentiation.


systematic_name: M2354
exact_source: Fig. 7B: FC < 1
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE9124
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes down-regulated in E12.5 hearts from mice with SP3 [GeneID=6670] knockout compared to the wild type organ.

description_full:
  Mice lacking the zinc finger transcription factor specificity protein 3 (Sp3) die prenatally in the C57BL/6 background. To elucidate the cause of mortality we analyzed the potential role of Sp3 in embryonic heart development. Sp3 null hearts display defective looping at embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5), and at E14.5 the Sp3 null mutants have developed a range of severe cardiac malformations. In an attempt to position Sp3 in the cardiac developmental hierarchy, we analyzed the expression patterns of >15 marker genes in Sp3 null hearts. Expression of cardiac ankyrin repeat protein (Carp) was downregulated prematurely after E12.5, while expression of the other marker genes was not affected. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that Sp3 is bound to the Carp promoter region in vivo. Microarray analysis indicates that small-molecule metabolism and cell-cell interactions are the most significantly affected biological processes in E12.5 Sp3 null myocardium. Since the epicardium showed distension from the myocardium, we studied expression of Wt1, a marker for epicardial cells. Wt1 expression was diminished in epicardium-derived cells in the myocardium of Sp3 null hearts. We conclude that Sp3 is required for normal cardiac development and suggest that it has a crucial role in myocardial differentiation.


description_brief: Genes up-regulated in hearts of E18.5 embryos upon knockout of VEGFA [GeneID=7422].
systematic_name: M2357
exact_source: Table 2: Signal-to-noise ratio > 0
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE12628
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_full:
  The infant leukemia-associated gene Ott1 (Rbm15) has broad regulatory effects within murine hematopoiesis. However, germ line Ott1 deletion results in fetal demise prior to embryonic day 10.5, indicating additional developmental requirements for Ott1. The spen gene family, to which Ott1 belongs, has a transcriptional activation/repression domain and RNA recognition motifs and has a significant role in the development of the head and thorax in Drosophila melanogaster. Early Ott1-deficient embryos show growth retardation and incomplete closure of the notochord. Further analysis demonstrated placental defects in the spongiotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast layers, resulting in an arrest of vascular branching morphogenesis. The rescue of the placental defect using a conditional allele with a trophoblast-sparing cre transgene allowed embryos to form a normal placenta and survive gestation. This outcome showed that the process of vascular branching morphogenesis in Ott1-deficient animals was regulated by the trophoblast compartment rather than the fetal vasculature. Mice surviving to term manifested hyposplenia and abnormal cardiac development. Analysis of global gene expression of Ott1-deficient embryonic hearts showed an enrichment of hypoxia-related genes and a significant alteration of several candidate genes critical for cardiac development. Thus, Ott1-dependent pathways, in addition to being implicated in leukemogenesis, may also be important for the pathogenesis of placental insufficiency and cardiac malformations.


description_brief: Genes up-regulated in Harderian gland tissue upon knockout of AOX4 [GeneID=71872].
systematic_name: M2360
exact_source: Fig. 6B: red
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE12541
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_full:
  The mouse aldehyde oxidase AOH2 (aldehyde oxidase homolog 2) is a molybdoflavoenzyme. Harderian glands are the richest source of AOH2, although the protein is detectable also in sebaceous glands, epidermis, and other keratinized epithelia. The levels of AOH2 in the Harderian gland and skin are controlled by genetic background, being maximal in CD1 and C57BL/6 and minimal in DBA/2, CBA, and 129/Sv strains. Testosterone is a negative regulator of AOH2 in Harderian glands. Purified AOH2 oxidizes retinaldehyde into retinoic acid, while it is devoid of pyridoxal-oxidizing activity. Aoh2(-/-) mice, the first aldehyde oxidase knockout animals ever generated, are viable and fertile. The data obtained for this knockout model indicate a significant role of AOH2 in the local synthesis and biodisposition of endogenous retinoids in the Harderian gland and skin. The Harderian gland's transcriptome of knockout mice demonstrates overall downregulation of direct retinoid-dependent genes as well as perturbations in pathways controlling lipid homeostasis and cellular secretion, particularly in sexually immature animals. The skin of knockout mice is characterized by thickening of the epidermis in basal conditions and after UV light exposure. This has correlates in the corresponding transcriptome, which shows enrichment and overall upregulation of genes involved in hypertrophic responses.


systematic_name: M2370
exact_source: Table 1
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE14406
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Oligodendrocyte core differentiation genes: up-regulated in Oli-neo cells (oligodendroglial precursor) at 10 h after treatment with PD174265, dexamethasone or isotretinoin [PubChem=4709, 5743, 5282379].

description_full:
  Inadequate remyelination of brain white matter lesions has been associated with a failure of oligodendrocyte precursors to differentiate into mature, myelin-producing cells. In order to better understand which genes play a critical role in oligodendrocyte differentiation, we performed time-dependent, genome-wide gene expression studies of mouse Oli-neu cells as they differentiate into process-forming and myelin basic protein-producing cells, following treatment with three different agents. Our data indicate that different inducers activate distinct pathways that ultimately converge into the completely differentiated state, where regulated gene sets overlap maximally. In order to also gain insight into the functional role of genes that are regulated in this process, we silenced 88 of these genes using small interfering RNA and identified multiple repressors of spontaneous differentiation of Oli-neu, most of which were confirmed in rat primary oligodendrocyte precursors cells. Among these repressors were CNP, a well-known myelin constituent, and three phosphatases, each known to negatively control mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades. We show that a novel inhibitor for one of the identified genes, dual-specificity phosphatase DUSP10/MKP5, was also capable of inducing oligodendrocyte differentiation in primary oligodendrocyte precursors. Oligodendrocytic differentiation feedback loops may therefore yield pharmacological targets to treat disease related to dysfunctional myelin deposition.


systematic_name: M2372
exact_source: Table 3S: miR-1 targets: Rel Expr (CN/Ntg) > 1
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE13874
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes up-regulated in hypertrophic hearts (due to expression of constitutively active form of PPP3CA [GeneID=5530]) and predicted to be targets of miR-1 microRNA.

description_full:
  Calcium signaling is a central regulator of cardiomyocyte growth and function. Calmodulin is a critical mediator of calcium signals. Because the amount of calmodulin within cardiomyocytes is limiting, the precise control of calmodulin expression is important for the regulation of calcium signaling. In this study, we show for the first time that calmodulin levels are regulated posttranscriptionally in heart failure. The cardiomyocyte-restricted microRNA miR-1 inhibited the translation of calmodulin-encoding mRNAs via highly conserved target sites within their 3' untranslated regions. In keeping with its effect on calmodulin expression, miR-1 downregulated calcium-calmodulin signaling through calcineurin to NFAT. miR-1 also negatively regulated the expression of Mef2a and Gata4, key transcription factors that mediate calcium-dependent changes in gene expression. Consistent with the downregulation of these hypertrophy-associated genes, miR-1 attenuated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and in the intact adult heart. Our data indicate that miR-1 regulates cardiomyocyte growth responses by negatively regulating the calcium signaling components calmodulin, Mef2a, and Gata4.


systematic_name: M2376
exact_source: Table 3S: miR-1 targets: Rel Expr (CN/Ntg) < 1
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE13874
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes down-regulated in hypertrophic hearts (due to expression of constitutively active form of PPP3CA [GeneID=5530]) and predicted to be targets of miR-1 microRNA.

description_full:
  Calcium signaling is a central regulator of cardiomyocyte growth and function. Calmodulin is a critical mediator of calcium signals. Because the amount of calmodulin within cardiomyocytes is limiting, the precise control of calmodulin expression is important for the regulation of calcium signaling. In this study, we show for the first time that calmodulin levels are regulated posttranscriptionally in heart failure. The cardiomyocyte-restricted microRNA miR-1 inhibited the translation of calmodulin-encoding mRNAs via highly conserved target sites within their 3' untranslated regions. In keeping with its effect on calmodulin expression, miR-1 downregulated calcium-calmodulin signaling through calcineurin to NFAT. miR-1 also negatively regulated the expression of Mef2a and Gata4, key transcription factors that mediate calcium-dependent changes in gene expression. Consistent with the downregulation of these hypertrophy-associated genes, miR-1 attenuated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and in the intact adult heart. Our data indicate that miR-1 regulates cardiomyocyte growth responses by negatively regulating the calcium signaling components calmodulin, Mef2a, and Gata4.


systematic_name: M2377
exact_source: Table 3S: miR-133 targets: Rel Expr (CN/Ntg) > 1
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE13874
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes up-regulated in hypertrophic hearts (due to expression of constitutively active form of PPP3CA [GeneID=5530]) and predicted to be targets of miR-133 microRNA.

description_full:
  Calcium signaling is a central regulator of cardiomyocyte growth and function. Calmodulin is a critical mediator of calcium signals. Because the amount of calmodulin within cardiomyocytes is limiting, the precise control of calmodulin expression is important for the regulation of calcium signaling. In this study, we show for the first time that calmodulin levels are regulated posttranscriptionally in heart failure. The cardiomyocyte-restricted microRNA miR-1 inhibited the translation of calmodulin-encoding mRNAs via highly conserved target sites within their 3' untranslated regions. In keeping with its effect on calmodulin expression, miR-1 downregulated calcium-calmodulin signaling through calcineurin to NFAT. miR-1 also negatively regulated the expression of Mef2a and Gata4, key transcription factors that mediate calcium-dependent changes in gene expression. Consistent with the downregulation of these hypertrophy-associated genes, miR-1 attenuated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and in the intact adult heart. Our data indicate that miR-1 regulates cardiomyocyte growth responses by negatively regulating the calcium signaling components calmodulin, Mef2a, and Gata4.


systematic_name: M2378
exact_source: Table 3S: miR-133 targets: Rel Expr (CN/Ntg) < 1
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE13874
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes down-regulated in hypertrophic hearts (due to expression of constitutively active form of PPP3CA [GeneID=5530]) and predicted to be targets of miR-133 microRNA.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1218 characters]


systematic_name: M2379
exact_source: Table 3S: miR-30 targets: Rel Expr (CN/Ntg) > 1
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE13874
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes up-regulated in hypertrophic hearts (due to expression of constitutively active form of PPP3CA [GeneID=5530]) and predicted to be targets of miR-30 microRNA.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1218 characters]


systematic_name: M2380
exact_source: Table 3S: miR-30 targets: Rel Expr (CN/Ntg) < 1
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE13874
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes down-regulated in hypertrophic hearts (due to expression of constitutively active form of PPP3CA [GeneID=5530]) and predicted to be targets of miR-30 microRNA.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1218 characters]


description_brief: Genes down-regulated in E14 ES (embryonic stem) cells upon knockdown of CYCT1 [GeneID=904] by RNAi.
systematic_name: M2401
exact_source: Table 1S: CycT1 siRNA
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_full:
  The positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) is essential for the elongation of transcription and cotranscriptional processing by RNA polymerase II. In mammals, it contains predominantly the C-type cyclin cyclin T1 (CycT1) or CycT2 and cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (Cdk9). To determine if these cyclins have redundant functions or affect distinct sets of genes, we genetically inactivated the CycT2 gene (Ccnt2) using the beta-galactosidase-neomycin gene (beta-geo) gene trap technology in the mouse. Visualizing beta-galactosidase during mouse embryogenesis revealed that CycT2 is expressed abundantly during embryogenesis and throughout the organism in the adult. This finding was reflected in the expression of CycT2 in all adult tissues and organs. However, despite numerous matings of heterozygous mice, we observed no CycT2(-/-) embryos, pups, or adult mice. This early lethality could have resulted from decreased expression of critical genes, which were revealed by short interfering RNAs against CycT2 in embryonic stem cells. Thus, CycT1 and CycT2 are not redundant, and these different P-TEFb complexes regulate subsets of distinct genes that are important for embryonic development.


description_brief: Genes up-regulated in M2-10B4 cells (osteoblast) in response to phenylamil [PubChem=4755].
systematic_name: M2421
exact_source: Fig. 2S: Change folds > 1
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_full:
  Stimulation of osteoblast differentiation from mesenchymal stem cells is a potential strategy for bone repair. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) that induce osteoblastic differentiation have been successfully used in humans to treat fractures. Here we outline a new approach to the stimulation of osteoblast differentiation using small molecules that stimulate BMP activity. We have identified the amiloride derivative phenamil as a stimulator of osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. Remarkably, phenamil acts cooperatively with BMPs to induce the expression of BMP target genes, osteogenic markers, and matrix mineralization in both mesenchymal stem cell lines and calvarial organ cultures. Transcriptional profiling of cells treated with phenamil led to the identification of tribbles homolog 3 (Trb3) as a mediator of its effects. Trb3 is induced by phenamil selectively in cells with osteoblastic potential. Both Trb3 and phenamil stabilize the expression of SMAD, the critical transcription factor in BMP signaling, by promoting the degradation of SMAD ubiquitin regulatory factor 1. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of Trb3 blunts the effects of phenamil on BMP signaling and osteogenesis. Thus, phenamil induces osteogenic differentiation, at least in part, through Trb3-dependent promotion of BMP action. The synergistic use of small molecules such as phenamil along with BMPs may provide new strategies for the promotion of bone healing.


systematic_name: M2433
exact_source: Table 1
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes differentially expressed in liver tissue upon knockout of the 1a isoform of SREBF1 [GeneID=6720].

description_full:
  We generated a line of mice in which sterol regulatory element binding protein 1a (SREBP-1a) was specifically inactivated by insertional mutagenesis. Homozygous mutant mice were completely viable despite expressing SREBP-1a mRNA below 5% of normal, and there were minimal effects on expression of either SREBP-1c or -2. Microarray expression studies in liver, where SREBP-1a mRNA is 1/10 the level of the highly similar SREBP-1c, demonstrated that only a few genes were affected. The only downregulated genes directly linked to lipid metabolism were Srebf1 (which encodes SREBP-1) and Acacb (which encodes acetyl coenzyme A [acetyl-CoA] carboxylase 2 [ACC2], a critical regulator of fatty acyl-CoA partitioning between cytosol and mitochondria). ACC2 regulation is particularly important during food restriction. Similar to Acacb knockout mice, SREBP-1a-deficient mice have lower hepatic triglycerides and higher serum ketones during fasting than wild-type mice. SREBP-1a and -1c have identical DNA binding and dimerization domains; thus, the failure of the more abundant SREBP-1c to substitute for activating hepatic ACC2 must relate to more efficient recruitment of transcriptional coactivators to the more potent SREBP-1a activation domain. Our chromatin immunoprecipitation results support this hypothesis.


systematic_name: M2439
exact_source: Table 2S: Differentially downregulated genes
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE16521
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes down-regulated in G1ME cells (megakaryocyte/erythroid progenitor lacking GATA1 [GeneID=2623]) upon knockdown of GATA2 [GeneID=2624] by RNAi.

description_full:
  GATA-2 is an essential transcription factor that regulates multiple aspects of hematopoiesis. Dysregulation of GATA-2 is a hallmark of acute megakaryoblastic leukemia in children with Down syndrome, a malignancy that is defined by the combination of trisomy 21 and a GATA1 mutation. Here, we show that GATA-2 is required for normal megakaryocyte development as well as aberrant megakaryopoiesis in Gata1 mutant cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that GATA-2 indirectly controls cell cycle progression in GATA-1-deficient megakaryocytes. Genome-wide microarray analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation studies revealed that GATA-2 regulates a wide set of genes, including cell cycle regulators and megakaryocyte-specific genes. Surprisingly, GATA-2 also negatively regulates the expression of crucial myeloid transcription factors, such as Sfpi1 and Cebpa. In the absence of GATA-1, GATA-2 prevents induction of a latent myeloid gene expression program. Thus, GATA-2 contributes to cell cycle progression and the maintenance of megakaryocyte identity of GATA-1-deficient cells, including GATA-1s-expressing fetal megakaryocyte progenitors. Moreover, our data reveal that overexpression of GATA-2 facilitates aberrant megakaryopoiesis.


systematic_name: M2444
exact_source: Table 3S: 1h TGFB1 treated vs untreated: Fold change < 0
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE15871
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes down-regulated in MEF cells (embryonic fibroblast) upon stimulation with TGFB1 [GeneID=7040] for 1 h.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1379 characters]


systematic_name: M2450
exact_source: Table 4S: KO vs WT after 1h of TGFB1 treatment: Fold Change > 0
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE15871
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes up-regulated after 1 h of TGFB1 [GeneID=7040] stimulation in MEF cells (embryonic fibroblast) with  NFIC [GeneID=4782] knockout vs wild type MEFs.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1379 characters]


systematic_name: M2451
exact_source: Table 4S: KO vs WT after 1h of TGFB1 treatment: Fold Change > 0
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE15871
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes down-regulated after 1 h of TGFB1 [GeneID=7040] stimulation in MEF cells (embryonic fibroblast) with  NFIC [GeneID=4782] knockout vs wild type MEFs.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1379 characters]


systematic_name: M2452
exact_source: Table 4S: KO vs WT after 10h of TGFB1 treatment: Fold Change > 0
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE15871
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes up-regulated after 10 h of TGFB1 [GeneID=7040] stimulation in MEF cells (embryonic fibroblast) with  NFIC [GeneID=4782] knockout vs wild type MEFs.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1379 characters]


systematic_name: M2455
exact_source: Table 4S: KO vs WT after 10h of TGFB1 treatment: Fold Change < 0
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE15871
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes down-regulated after 10 h of TGFB1 [GeneID=7040] stimulation in MEF cells (embryonic fibroblast) with  NFIC [GeneID=4782] knockout vs wild type MEFs.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1379 characters]


systematic_name: M2465
exact_source: Table 1S: RA-regulation of target genes: Log change < 0
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes bound by RARG [GeneID=5916] and down-regulated by tretinoin (all-trans retinoic acid, ATRA) [PubChem=444795] in MEF cells (embryonic fibroblast).

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1226 characters]


description_brief: Genes up-regulated in testis tissue upon knockout of CTCFL [GeneID=140690].
systematic_name: M2479
exact_source: Fig. 2S: red
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE19162
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_full:
  Previously, it was shown that the CTCF paralogous gene, BORIS (brother of the regulator of imprinted sites) is expressed in male germ cells, but its function in spermatogenesis has not been defined. To develop an understanding of the functional activities of BORIS, we generated BORIS knockout (KO) mice. Mice homozygous for the null allele had a defect in spermatogenesis that resulted in small testes associated with increased cell death. The defect was evident as early as postnatal day 21 and was manifested by delayed production of haploid cells. By gene expression profiling, we found that transcript levels for Gal3st1 (also known as cerebroside sulfotransferase [CST]), known to play a crucial role in meiosis, were dramatically reduced in BORIS KO testes. We found that CST is expressed in testis as a novel testis-specific isoform, CST form F(TS), that has a short exon 1f. We showed that BORIS bound to and activated the promoter of CST form F(TS). Mutation of the BORIS binding site in the promoter reduced the ability of BORIS to activate the promoter. These findings define transcriptional regulation of CST expression as a critical role for BORIS in spermatogenesis.


systematic_name: M2485
exact_source: Table 3S: Ratio > 1
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: E-MEXP-2089
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes up-regulated in the liver tissue from 10 week old male mice with KLF10 [GeneID=7071] compared to wild-type littermates.

description_full:
  The circadian timing system coordinates many aspects of mammalian physiology and behavior in synchrony with the external light/dark cycle. These rhythms are driven by endogenous molecular clocks present in most body cells. Many clock outputs are transcriptional regulators, suggesting that clock genes primarily control physiology through indirect pathways. Here, we show that Krüppel-like factor 10 (KLF10) displays a robust circadian expression pattern in wild-type mouse liver but not in clock-deficient Bmal1 knockout mice. Consistently, the Klf10 promoter recruited the BMAL1 core clock protein and was transactivated by the CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer through a conserved E-box response element. Profiling the liver transcriptome from Klf10(-/-) mice identified 158 regulated genes with significant enrichment for transcripts involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Importantly, approximately 56% of these metabolic genes are clock controlled. Male Klf10(-/-) mice displayed postprandial and fasting hyperglycemia, a phenotype accompanied by a significant time-of-day-dependent upregulation of the gluconeogenic gene Pepck and increased hepatic glucose production. Consistently, functional data showed that the proximal Pepck promoter is repressed directly by KLF10. Klf10(-/-) females were normoglycemic but displayed higher plasma triglycerides. Correspondingly, rhythmic gene expression of components of the lipogenic pathway, including Srebp1c, Fas, and Elovl6, was altered in females. Collectively, these data establish KLF10 as a required circadian transcriptional regulator that links the molecular clock to energy metabolism in the liver.


systematic_name: M2486
exact_source: Table 3S: Ratio < 1
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: E-MEXP-2089
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes down-regulated in the liver tissue from 10 week old male mice with KLF10 [GeneID=7071] compared to wild-type littermates.

description_full:
  The circadian timing system coordinates many aspects of mammalian physiology and behavior in synchrony with the external light/dark cycle. These rhythms are driven by endogenous molecular clocks present in most body cells. Many clock outputs are transcriptional regulators, suggesting that clock genes primarily control physiology through indirect pathways. Here, we show that Krüppel-like factor 10 (KLF10) displays a robust circadian expression pattern in wild-type mouse liver but not in clock-deficient Bmal1 knockout mice. Consistently, the Klf10 promoter recruited the BMAL1 core clock protein and was transactivated by the CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer through a conserved E-box response element. Profiling the liver transcriptome from Klf10(-/-) mice identified 158 regulated genes with significant enrichment for transcripts involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Importantly, approximately 56% of these metabolic genes are clock controlled. Male Klf10(-/-) mice displayed postprandial and fasting hyperglycemia, a phenotype accompanied by a significant time-of-day-dependent upregulation of the gluconeogenic gene Pepck and increased hepatic glucose production. Consistently, functional data showed that the proximal Pepck promoter is repressed directly by KLF10. Klf10(-/-) females were normoglycemic but displayed higher plasma triglycerides. Correspondingly, rhythmic gene expression of components of the lipogenic pathway, including Srebp1c, Fas, and Elovl6, was altered in females. Collectively, these data establish KLF10 as a required circadian transcriptional regulator that links the molecular clock to energy metabolism in the liver.


description_brief: List of genomically imprinted genes.
systematic_name: M2491
exact_source: Table 3, 1AS
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_full:
  Approximately 100 mouse genes undergo genomic imprinting, whereby one of the two parental alleles is epigenetically silenced. Imprinted genes influence processes including development, X chromosome inactivation, obesity, schizophrenia, and diabetes, motivating the identification of all imprinted loci. Local sequence features have been used to predict candidate imprinted genes, but rigorous testing using reciprocal crosses validated only three, one of which resided in previously identified imprinting clusters. Here we show that specific epigenetic features in mouse cells correlate with imprinting status in mice, and we identify hundreds of additional genes predicted to be imprinted in the mouse. We used a multitiered approach to validate imprinted expression, including use of a custom single nucleotide polymorphism array and traditional molecular methods. Of 65 candidates subjected to molecular assays for allele-specific expression, we found 10 novel imprinted genes that were maternally expressed in the placenta.


systematic_name: M2508
exact_source: Table 2
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Hypomethylated genes in prostate tissue from mice carrying hypomorphic alleles of DNMT1 [GeneID=1786].

description_full:
  Previous studies have shown that tumor progression in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) model is characterized by global DNA hypomethylation initiated during early-stage disease and locus-specific DNA hypermethylation occurring predominantly in late-stage disease. Here, we utilized Dnmt1 hypomorphic alleles to examine the role of Dnmt1 in normal prostate development and in prostate cancer in TRAMP. Prostate tissue morphology and differentiation status was normal in Dnmt1 hypomorphic mice, despite global DNA hypomethylation. TRAMP; Dnmt1 hypomorphic mice also displayed global DNA hypomethylation, but were characterized by altered tumor phenotype. Specifically, TRAMP; Dnmt1 hypomorphic mice exhibited slightly increased tumor incidence and significantly increased pathological progression at early ages and, conversely, displayed slightly decreased tumor incidence and significantly decreased pathological progression at advanced ages. Remarkably, hypomorphic Dnmt1 expression abrogated local and distant site macrometastases. Thus, Dnmt1 has tumor suppressor activity in early-stage prostate cancer, and oncogenic activity in late stage prostate cancer and metastasis. Consistent with the biological phenotype, epigenomic studies revealed that TRAMP; Dnmt1 hypomorphic mice show dramatically reduced CpG island and promoter DNA hypermethylation in late-stage primary tumors compared to control mice. Taken together, the data reveal a crucial role for Dnmt1 in prostate cancer and suggest that Dnmt1-targeted interventions may have utility specifically for advanced and/or metastatic prostate cancer.


systematic_name: M2512
exact_source: Table 1S: Up-regulated genes
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE21131
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes up-regulated in ES cells (embryonic stem) heterozygotic for KDM1A [GeneID=23028] loss of function mutant compared to the homozygotic loss of the gene.

description_full:
  Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), which demethylates mono- and dimethylated histone H3-Lys4 as part of a complex including CoREST and histone deacetylases (HDACs), is essential for embryonic development in the mouse beyond embryonic day 6.5 (e6.5). To determine the role of LSD1 during this early period of embryogenesis, we have generated loss-of-function gene trap mice and conditional knockout embryonic stem (ES) cells. Analysis of postimplantation gene trap embryos revealed that LSD1 expression, and therefore function, is restricted to the epiblast. Conditional deletion of LSD1 in mouse ES cells, the in vitro counterpart of the epiblast, revealed a reduction in CoREST protein and associated HDAC activity, resulting in a global increase in histone H3-Lys56 acetylation, but not H3-Lys4 methylation. Despite this biochemical perturbation, ES cells with LSD1 deleted proliferate normally and retain stem cell characteristics. Loss of LSD1 causes the aberrant expression of 588 genes, including those coding for transcription factors with roles in anterior/posterior patterning and limb development, such as brachyury, Hoxb7, Hoxd8, and retinoic acid receptor γ (RARγ). The gene coding for brachyury, a key regulator of mesodermal differentiation, is a direct target gene of LSD1 and is overexpressed in e6.5 Lsd1 gene trap embryos. Thus, LSD1 regulates the expression and appropriate timing of key developmental regulators, as part of the LSD1/CoREST/HDAC complex, during early embryonic development.


systematic_name: M2514
exact_source: Table 1S: Down-regulated genes
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE21131
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes down-regulated in ES cells (embryonic stem) heterozygotic for KDM1A [GeneID=23028] loss of function mutant compared to the homozygotic loss of the gene.

description_full:
  Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), which demethylates mono- and dimethylated histone H3-Lys4 as part of a complex including CoREST and histone deacetylases (HDACs), is essential for embryonic development in the mouse beyond embryonic day 6.5 (e6.5). To determine the role of LSD1 during this early period of embryogenesis, we have generated loss-of-function gene trap mice and conditional knockout embryonic stem (ES) cells. Analysis of postimplantation gene trap embryos revealed that LSD1 expression, and therefore function, is restricted to the epiblast. Conditional deletion of LSD1 in mouse ES cells, the in vitro counterpart of the epiblast, revealed a reduction in CoREST protein and associated HDAC activity, resulting in a global increase in histone H3-Lys56 acetylation, but not H3-Lys4 methylation. Despite this biochemical perturbation, ES cells with LSD1 deleted proliferate normally and retain stem cell characteristics. Loss of LSD1 causes the aberrant expression of 588 genes, including those coding for transcription factors with roles in anterior/posterior patterning and limb development, such as brachyury, Hoxb7, Hoxd8, and retinoic acid receptor γ (RARγ). The gene coding for brachyury, a key regulator of mesodermal differentiation, is a direct target gene of LSD1 and is overexpressed in e6.5 Lsd1 gene trap embryos. Thus, LSD1 regulates the expression and appropriate timing of key developmental regulators, as part of the LSD1/CoREST/HDAC complex, during early embryonic development.


description_brief: Loci bound exclusively by SIN3A [GeneID=25942] in myotubules.
systematic_name: M2524
exact_source: Table 1S: Sin3A targets only
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE19968
contributor: Arthur Liberzon
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_full:
  The highly related mammalian Sin3A and Sin3B proteins provide a versatile platform for chromatin-modifying activities. Sin3-containing complexes play a role in gene repression through deacetylation of nucleosomes. Here, we explore a role for Sin3 in myogenesis by examining the phenotypes resulting from acute somatic deletion of both isoforms in vivo and from primary myotubes in vitro. Myotubes ablated for Sin3A alone, but not Sin3B, displayed gross defects in sarcomere structure that were considerably enhanced upon simultaneous ablation of both isoforms. Massively parallel sequencing of Sin3A- and Sin3B-bound genomic loci revealed a subset of target genes directly involved in sarcomere function that are positively regulated by Sin3A and Sin3B proteins. Both proteins were coordinately recruited to a substantial number of genes. Interestingly, depletion of Sin3B led to compensatory increases in Sin3A recruitment at certain target loci, but Sin3B was never found to compensate for Sin3A loss. Thus, our analyses describe a novel transcriptional role for Sin3A and Sin3B proteins associated with maintenance of differentiated muscle cells.


systematic_name: M2575
exact_source: Table 2S: Up-regulated in luminal progenitor (LP) cells
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE19446
contributor: Daniel Hollern
contrib_organization: Michigan State University
description_brief:
  Genes consistently up-regulated in mammary luminal progenitor cells both in mouse and human species.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 2456 characters]


systematic_name: M2576
exact_source: Table 2S: Down-regulated in luminal progenitor (LP) cells
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: GSE19446
contributor: Daniel Hollern
contrib_organization: Michigan State University
description_brief:
  Genes consistently down-regulated in mammary luminal progenitor cells both in mouse and human species.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 2456 characters]


systematic_name: M39
exact_source: Table S3.
source_species_code: MM
GEO_id: E-MTAB-2632
contributor: Roel Quintens
contrib_organization: Belgian Nuclear Research Centre
description_brief:
  Genes up-regulated in the mouse embryonic brain or immature neurons at 2 h or 6 h, respectively after exposure to 1 Gy dose of ionizing radiation.

description_full:
  The mammalian brain is especially sensitive to ionizing radiation during development, as shown by the increased occurrence of mental retardation and small head size in children who were in utero exposed to ionizing radiation after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. These effects of prenatal irradiation can be mimicked by irradiation of mouse embryos during the organogenesis period. In order to better understand the early effects of ionizing radiation on the embryonic brain and immature neurons, we performed a microarray analysis on brains from mice irradiated with different doses at E11 and E14, as well as primary cortical neuron cultures at 14 h in vitro. RNA was extracted at either 2 h (brains) or 6 h (neurons) post-irradiation. This gene set includes genes that were differentially expressed in at least two different conditions, to generate a bona fide list of early radiation-responsive genes in the embryonic mouse brain.


systematic_name: M617
exact_source: File S1: Upregulated_In_EMT
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Daniel Hollern
contrib_organization: University of North Carolina
description_brief:
  Genes that are highly expressed in mammary tumors of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) histology.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1635 characters]


systematic_name: M624
exact_source: File S1: Downregulated_In_EMT
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Daniel Hollern
contrib_organization: University of North Carolina
description_brief:
  Genes that that have low expression in mammary tumors of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) histology.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1635 characters]


systematic_name: M1907
exact_source: Table 1: delta(i) > 0
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Leona Saunders
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes up-regulated in MEF cells (embryonic fibroblast) isolated from HRAS [GeneID=3265] knockout mice.

description_full:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1645 characters]


systematic_name: M1244
exact_source: Table 1
source_species_code: MM
contributor: Leona Saunders
contrib_organization: MSigDB Team
description_brief:
  Genes down-regulated by telomere shortening due to the knockout of TERC [GeneID=7012] in the presence of chronic liver damage.

description_full:
  Telomere shortening limits the regenerative capacity of cells during aging and chronic disease but at the same time inhibits tumor progression, and it has yet to be determined which of these mechanisms is dominantly affecting organismal survival. Here we show that telomere shortening in telomerase knockout (mTERC-/-) mice in combination with chronic liver damage significantly reduced organismal survival even though telomere shortening strongly inhibited liver tumor formation. Decreased survival induced by telomere shortening correlated with an imbalance between liver cell proliferation and liver cell apoptosis. Specific changes in gene expression were associated with telomere shortening and chronic liver damage and these gene expression changes were partially reversed by adenovirus mediated telomerase gene delivery. This study gives experimental evidence that the negative impact of telomere shortening on organ homeostasis and organismal survival can surpass the beneficial effects of telomere shortening on suppression of tumor growth in the setting of chronic organ damage.


systematic_name: M45000
exact_source: Table S3. Gene annotation information and summary statistics for XDGs.
external_details_URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6474864/
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI)
contrib_organization: The Jackson Laboratory (JAX)
description_brief:
  Genes differentially expressed between PDX and donor tumor samples from nine ovarian cancer patients.

description_full:
  A bioinformatics pipeline to separate donor tumor and mouse stroma transcriptome profiles was devised and tested. To examine the molecular fidelity of PDX versus donor tumors, the authors compared mRNA differences between paired PDX-donor tumors from nine ovarian cancer patients.


systematic_name: M45002
exact_source: Table 1. Top 20 upregulated genes in HEC-1-A and HEC-1-B cells after VP treatment, ranked by logFC.
external_details_URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6405995/
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI)
contrib_organization: The Jackson Laboratory (JAX)
description_brief:
  Tha authors analyzed RNA sequencing data to investigate the comprehensive transcriptomic landscape of Verteporfin treated Type 1 endometrial cancer cell lines, including HEC-1-A and HEC-1-B.

description_full:
  Verteporfin is a porphyrinic photosensitizer clinically used for the photodynamic treatment of age-related macular degeneration. The authors previously tested the efficacy of Verteporfin in endometrial cancer cells and observed cytotoxic and anti-proliferative effects.


systematic_name: M45005
exact_source: Table S9. 37 targetable kinases differentially expressed between PDX and donor tumors.
external_details_URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6474864/
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI)
contrib_organization: The Jackson Laboratory (JAX)
description_brief:
  Targetable kinases differentially expressed between PDX and donor tumors from nine ovarian cancer patients.

description_full:
  A bioinformatics pipeline to separate donor tumor and mouse stroma transcriptome profiles was devised and tested. To examine the molecular fidelity of PDX versus donor tumors, the authors compared mRNA differences between paired PDX-donor tumors from nine ovarian cancer patients.


description_brief: Genes up-regulated across multiple cell types from nine tissues during rat aging.
systematic_name: M46418
external_details_URL: https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/aging/index
source_species_code: RN
GEO_id: GSE137869
contributor: Ma Shuai
contrib_organization: Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
description_full:
  Aging causes a functional decline in tissues throughout the body that may be delayed by caloric restriction (CR). However, the cellular profiles and signatures of aging, as well as those ameliorated by CR, remain unclear. Here, we built comprehensive single-cell and single-nucleus transcriptomic atlases across various rat tissues undergoing aging and CR. CR attenuated aging-related changes in cell type composition, gene expression, and core transcriptional regulatory networks. Immune cells were increased during aging, and CR favorably reversed the aging-disturbed immune ecosystem. Computational prediction revealed that the abnormal cell-cell communication patterns observed during aging, including the excessive proinflammatory ligand-receptor interplay, were reversed by CR. Our work provides multi-tissue single-cell transcriptional landscapes associated with aging and CR in a mammal, enhances our understanding of the robustness of CR as a geroprotective intervention, and uncovers how metabolic intervention can act upon the immune system to modify the process of aging.

exact_source:
  Table S2: LogFC>0.5, genes upregulated at least in 5 cell types and the difference of the cell type number between upregulated and downregulated genes was greater than 5.


description_brief: Genes down-regulated across multiple cell types from nine tissues during rat aging.
systematic_name: M46419
external_details_URL: https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/aging/index
source_species_code: RN
GEO_id: GSE137869
contributor: Ma Shuai
contrib_organization: Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
description_full:
  Aging causes a functional decline in tissues throughout the body that may be delayed by caloric restriction (CR). However, the cellular profiles and signatures of aging, as well as those ameliorated by CR, remain unclear. Here, we built comprehensive single-cell and single-nucleus transcriptomic atlases across various rat tissues undergoing aging and CR. CR attenuated aging-related changes in cell type composition, gene expression, and core transcriptional regulatory networks. Immune cells were increased during aging, and CR favorably reversed the aging-disturbed immune ecosystem. Computational prediction revealed that the abnormal cell-cell communication patterns observed during aging, including the excessive proinflammatory ligand-receptor interplay, were reversed by CR. Our work provides multi-tissue single-cell transcriptional landscapes associated with aging and CR in a mammal, enhances our understanding of the robustness of CR as a geroprotective intervention, and uncovers how metabolic intervention can act upon the immune system to modify the process of aging.

exact_source:
  Table S2: LogFC<-0.5, genes downregulated at least in 5 cell types and the difference of the cell type number between downregulated and upregulated genes was greater than 5.


description_brief: Notch transcriptomic signature as a tool to measure the level of Notch signaling in breast cancer
systematic_name: M48357
exact_source: https://github.com/KarolinskaMerck/NotchBRCASignature (and Fig 3A, Table S3)
external_details_URL: https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-023-01757-7
source_species_code: HS
GEO_id: GSE236749,GSE235052,GSE236750
contributor: Eike-Benjamin Braune
contrib_organization: Karolinska Institutet
description_full:
  Dysregulated Notch signaling contributes to breast cancer development and progression, but validated tools to measure the level of Notch signaling in breast cancer subtypes and in response to systemic therapy are largely lacking. A transcriptomic signature of Notch signaling would be warranted, for example to monitor the effects of future Notch-targeting therapies and to learn whether altered Notch signaling is an off-target effect of current breast cancer therapies. In this report, we have established such a classifier, a 20-gene transcriptional signature. To generate the signature, we first identified Notch-regulated genes from six basal-like breast cancer cell lines subjected to elevated or reduced Notch signaling by culturing on immobilized Notch ligand Jagged1 or blockade of Notch by &gamma;-secretase inhibitors, respectively. From this cadre of Notch-regulated genes, we developed candidate transcriptomic signatures that were trained on a breast cancer patient dataset (the TCGA-BRCA cohort) and a broader breast cancer cell line cohort and sought to validate in independent datasets. An optimal 20-gene transcriptomic signature was selected. We validated the signature on two independent patient datasets (METABRIC and Oslo2), and it showed an improved coherence score and tumor specificity compared with previously published signatures. Furthermore, the signature score was particularly high for basal-like breast cancer, indicating an enhanced level of Notch signaling in this subtype. The signature score was increased after neoadjuvant treatment in the PROMIX and BEAUTY patient cohorts, and a lower signature score generally correlated with better clinical outcome. The signature will be a valuable tool to evaluate the response of future Notch-targeting therapies for breast cancer, to learn about potential effects on Notch signaling from conventional breast cancer therapies and to better stratify patients for therapy considerations.


description_brief: Genes up-regulated in the cancer stem HepaRG-sphere vs HepaRG at 10 days of differentiation
systematic_name: M48358
exact_source: Supplemental Table 3 in Fekir et al., Cancer Research (2019), 79: 1869-1883
source_species_code: HS
GEO_id: GSE75752
contributor: Anne Corlu
contrib_organization: INSERM (Institut National de la Sant&eacute; et de la Recherche Mt&eacute;dicale), France.
description_full:
  Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) heterogeneity promotes recurrence and therapeutic resistance. We recently have demonstrated that inflammation favors hepatocyte retrodifferentiation into progenitor cells. Here, we identified molecular effectors inducing HCC metabolic reprogramming, chemoresistance and invasiveness of retrodifferentiated stem cells. Spheroid cultures of human HepaRG-progenitors (HepaRG-Spheres), HBG-BC2, HepG2 and HuH7 cells and isolation of side population (SP) from HepaRG cells (HepaRG-SP) were followed by transcriptomics, signaling pathway analysis and evaluation of chemotherapies. Gene expression profiles of HepaRG-SP and HepaRG-Spheres were enriched in signatures related to cancer stem cells, metastasis and recurrence and showed that HepaRG-progenitors can further retrodifferentiate into a more immature state. The transcriptome from these stem cells matched that of proliferative bad outcome HCCs in a cohort of 457 patients. These HCC stem cells highly expressed cytokines triggering retrodifferentiation and displayed high migration/invasion potential. Importantly, they showed changes in mitochondrial activity with reduced membrane potential, low ATP production and high lactate production. These changes were in part related to angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4)-induced upregulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4), an inhibitor of mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase. Interestingly, up-regulation of ANGPTL4 and PDK4 paralleled that of stem cells markers in human HCC specimens. Moreover, the PDK4 inhibitor dichloroacetate reversed chemoresistance to sorafenib or cisplatin in HCC stem cells derived from four HCC cell lines. In conclusion, retrodifferentiated cancer cells develop enhanced invasion and therapeutic resistance through ANGPTL4 and PDK4. Restoration of mitochondrial activity in combination with chemotherapy represents an attractive therapeutic approach in HCCs.


description_brief: Genes up-regulated in AML leukemia stem cells (LSC) and predictive for outcome in AML
systematic_name: M48362
exact_source: Table 1S: LSC47
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Benjamin Huang
contrib_organization: University of California San Francisco
description_full:
  Relapsed or refractory pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is associated with poor outcomes and relapse risk prediction approaches have not changed significantly in decades. To build a robust transcriptional risk prediction model for pediatric AML, we perform RNA-sequencing on 1503 primary diagnostic samples. While a 17 gene leukemia stem cell signature (LSC17) is predictive in our aggregated pediatric study population, LSC17 is no longer predictive within established cytogenetic and molecular (cytomolecular) risk groups. Therefore, we identify distinct LSC signatures on the basis of AML cytomolecular subtypes (LSC47) that were more predictive than LSC17. Based on these findings, we build a robust relapse prediction model within a training cohort and then validate it within independent cohorts. Here, we show that LSC47 increases the predictive power of conventional risk stratification and that applying biomarkers in a manner that is informed by cytomolecular profiling outperforms a uniform biomarker approach.


systematic_name: M15237
exact_source: GO:0000002
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000002
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The maintenance of the structure and integrity of the mitochondrial genome; includes replication and segregation of the mitochondrial chromosome. [GOC:ai, GOC:vw]


systematic_name: M22128
exact_source: GO:0000012
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000012
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The repair of single strand breaks in DNA. Repair of such breaks is mediated by the same enzyme systems as are used in base excision repair. [PMID:18626472]


systematic_name: M10217
exact_source: GO:0000018
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000018
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination, a DNA metabolic process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]


systematic_name: M22129
exact_source: GO:0000019
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000019
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination during mitosis. [GOC:go_curators]


systematic_name: M45043
exact_source: GO:0000022
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000022
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the mitotic spindle. Mitotic spindle elongation begins during mitotic prophase and ends during mitotic anaphase B. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle, GOC:vw, PMID:19686686]


systematic_name: M12577
exact_source: GO:0000027
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000027
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of constituent RNAs and proteins to form the large ribosomal subunit. [GOC:jl, PMID:30467428]


systematic_name: M16295
exact_source: GO:0000028
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000028
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of constituent RNAs and proteins to form the small ribosomal subunit. [GOC:jl, PMID:30467428]


systematic_name: M13480
exact_source: GO:0000038
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000038
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The chemical reactions and pathways involving a very long-chain fatty acid. A very long-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing more than 22 carbons. [GOC:hjd]


systematic_name: M10755
exact_source: GO:0000041
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000041
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The directed movement of transition metal ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver. [ISBN:0198506732]


systematic_name: M22130
exact_source: GO:0000050
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000050
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The sequence of reactions by which arginine is synthesized from ornithine, then cleaved to yield urea and regenerate ornithine. The overall reaction equation is NH3 + CO2 + aspartate + 3 ATP + 2 H2O = urea + fumarate + 2 ADP + 2 phosphate + AMP + diphosphate. [GOC:pde, GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732]


systematic_name: M29007
exact_source: GO:0000052
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000052
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The chemical reactions and pathways involving citrulline, N5-carbamoyl-L-ornithine, an alpha amino acid not found in proteins. [ISBN:0198506732]


systematic_name: M5962
exact_source: GO:0000070
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000070
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner. One homolog of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets. [GOC:ai, GOC:jl]


systematic_name: M14894
exact_source: GO:0000075
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000075
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A signaling process that controls cell cycle progression by monitoring the integrity of specific cell cycle events. A cell cycle checkpoint begins with detection of deficiencies or defects and ends with signal transduction. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


systematic_name: M14250
exact_source: GO:0000076
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000076
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A signal transduction process that contributes to a DNA replication checkpoint, that prevents the initiation of nuclear division until DNA replication is complete, thereby ensuring that progeny inherit a full complement of the genome. [GOC:curators, GOC:rn, PMID:11728327, PMID:12537518]


systematic_name: M15580
exact_source: GO:0000096
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000096
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, homocysteine, methionine and selenocysteine. [GOC:ai]


systematic_name: M29008
exact_source: GO:0000097
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000097
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, methionine and selenocysteine. [GOC:ai]


systematic_name: M22133
exact_source: GO:0000098
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000098
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, methionine and selenocysteine. [GOC:ai]


systematic_name: M22134
exact_source: GO:0000101
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000101
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The directed movement of amino acids containing sulfur (cystine, methionine and their derivatives) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


systematic_name: M22135
exact_source: GO:0000122
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000122
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]


systematic_name: M15791
exact_source: GO:0000154
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000154
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an rRNA molecule to produce an rRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically. [GOC:curators]


systematic_name: M40318
exact_source: GO:0000165
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000165
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAP kinase (MAPK). It starts with the activation of a MAP3K, and the consecutive activation of a MPK2K and a MAPK. The cascade can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell. [PMID:20811974, PMID:9561267]


systematic_name: M15478
exact_source: GO:0000184
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000184
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The nonsense-mediated decay pathway for nuclear-transcribed mRNAs degrades mRNAs in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; this prevents the translation of such mRNAs into truncated, and potentially harmful, proteins. [GOC:krc, GOC:ma, PMID:10025395]


systematic_name: M22136
exact_source: GO:0000212
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000212
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a meiotic cell cycle. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mah]


systematic_name: M2261
exact_source: GO:0000226
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000226
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. [GOC:mah]


systematic_name: M12504
exact_source: GO:0000244
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000244
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The formation of a tri-snRNP complex containing U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs and U5 snRNAs and associated proteins. This includes reannealing of U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs released from previous rounds of splicing to reform the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) as well as the subsequent association of the U5 snRNP with the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) to form a tri-snRNP that is ready to reassemble into another spliceosome complex. [ISBN:0879695897, PMID:9452384]


systematic_name: M9878
exact_source: GO:0000245
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000245
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a spliceosomal complex, a ribonucleoprotein apparatus that catalyzes nuclear mRNA splicing via transesterification reactions. [PMID:9476892]


systematic_name: M42583
exact_source: GO:0000255
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000255
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The chemical reactions and pathways involving allantoin, (2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl)urea, an intermediate or end product of purine catabolism. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]


systematic_name: M12786
exact_source: GO:0000266
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000266
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments. [PMID:11038192]


systematic_name: M29009
exact_source: GO:0000270
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000270
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found only in bacterial cell walls and consisting of strands of glycosaminoglycan cross-linked by oligopeptides to form a huge and rigid network. [ISBN:0198506732, PMID:33139480]


systematic_name: M10417
exact_source: GO:0000271
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000271
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. [GOC:go_curators]


systematic_name: M12148
exact_source: GO:0000272
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000272
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. [PMID:33139480]


systematic_name: M1396
exact_source: GO:0000278
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000278
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194, Reactome:69278]


systematic_name: M10078
exact_source: GO:0000281
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000281
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after mitosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


systematic_name: M14218
exact_source: GO:0000288
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000288
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A major pathway of degradation of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that proceeds through a series of ordered steps that includes poly(A) tail shortening and that can regulate mRNA stability. [GOC:jp, GOC:krc]


systematic_name: M14619
exact_source: GO:0000289
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000289
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Shortening of the poly(A) tail of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length. [GOC:krc]


systematic_name: M22137
exact_source: GO:0000290
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000290
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Cleavage of the 5'-cap of a nuclear mRNA triggered by shortening of the poly(A) tail to below a minimum functional length. [GOC:krc]


systematic_name: M42584
exact_source: GO:0000301
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000301
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The retrograde movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by COP I vesicles. Cis-Golgi vesicles are constantly moving forward through the Golgi stack by cisternal progression, eventually becoming trans-Golgi vesicles. They then selectively transport membrane and luminal proteins from the trans- to the medial-Golgi while leaving others behind in the trans-Golgi cisternae; similarly, they selectively move proteins from the medial- to the cis-Golgi. [ISBN:0716731363]


systematic_name: M16953
exact_source: GO:0000302
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000302
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals. [GOC:krc]


systematic_name: M15581
exact_source: GO:0000305
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000305
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen radical stimulus. An oxygen radical is any oxygen species that carries a free electron; examples include hydroxyl radicals and the superoxide anion. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0124325653]


systematic_name: M34035
exact_source: GO:0000353
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000353
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Formation of a quadruple snRNP complex composed of the spliced leader (SL) RNA along with the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex. Interactions that may facilitate this include a duplex between the SL and U6 RNAs and interactions between the U5 RNA and the exon sequence at the 5' splice site within the SL RNA. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0879695897]


systematic_name: M10881
exact_source: GO:0000380
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000380
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process of generating multiple mRNA molecules from a given set of exons by differential use of exons from the primary transcript(s) to form multiple mature mRNAs that vary in their exon composition. [GOC:krc, PMID:12110900]


systematic_name: M40319
exact_source: GO:0000381
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000381
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alternative splicing of nuclear mRNAs. [GOC:krc]


systematic_name: M16609
exact_source: GO:0000387
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000387
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of one or more snRNA and multiple protein components to form a ribonucleoprotein complex that is involved in formation of the spliceosome. [GOC:krc, GOC:mah, ISBN:0879695897]


systematic_name: M22142
exact_source: GO:0000389
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000389
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Recognition of the intron 3'-splice site by components of the assembling U2- or U12-type spliceosome. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0879695897]


systematic_name: M22143
exact_source: GO:0000393
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000393
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Structural rearrangements of the spliceosome complex, containing RNA to be spliced, to generate a catalytic conformation. [GOC:krc]


systematic_name: M13106
exact_source: GO:0000394
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000394
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Splicing of RNA via recognition of the folded RNA structure that brings the 5' and 3' splice sites into proximity and cleavage of the RNA at both the 3' and 5' splice sites by an endonucleolytic mechanism, followed by ligation of the exons. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0879695897]


systematic_name: M22144
exact_source: GO:0000395
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000395
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Recognition of the intron 5'-splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0879695897]


systematic_name: M22145
exact_source: GO:0000413
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000413
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The modification of a protein by cis-trans isomerization of a proline residue. [GOC:krc, PMID:16959570]


systematic_name: M22147
exact_source: GO:0000422
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000422
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The autophagic process in which mitochondria are delivered to a type of vacuole and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions. [GOC:autophagy, PMID:15798367, PMID:19289147, PMID:23065344]


systematic_name: M22148
exact_source: GO:0000423
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000423
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The selective autophagy process in which a mitochondrion is degraded by macroautophagy. [PMID:15798367]


systematic_name: M45804
exact_source: GO:0000425
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000425
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The selective autophagy process in which a peroxisome is degraded by macroautophagy. [GOC:autophagy, PMID:12914914, PMID:16973210]


systematic_name: M22149
exact_source: GO:0000447
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000447
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Endonucleolytic cleavage between the SSU-rRNA and the 5.8S rRNA of an rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. [GOC:curators, PMID:10690410]


systematic_name: M15661
exact_source: GO:0000460
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000460
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor 5.8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature 5.8S rRNA molecule. [GOC:curators]


systematic_name: M13062
exact_source: GO:0000462
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000462
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Small SubUnit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature SSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. [GOC:curators]


systematic_name: M22151
exact_source: GO:0000463
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000463
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Large SubUnit (LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature LSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, and Large Subunit (LSU) in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. [GOC:curators]


systematic_name: M12787
exact_source: GO:0000466
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000466
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process involved in the maturation of an rRNA molecule originally produced as part of a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. [GOC:curators, PMID:10690410]


systematic_name: M13105
exact_source: GO:0000470
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000470
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Large SubUnit (LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature LSU-rRNA molecule. [GOC:curators]


systematic_name: M46717
exact_source: GO:0000479
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000479
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Endonucleolytic cleavage of a pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Primary ribosomal RNA transcripts with three genes, in this order, are produced in the nuclei of many eukaryotic species, including S. cerevisiae. [GOC:curators, PMID:10690410]


systematic_name: M22153
exact_source: GO:0000480
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000480
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Endonucleolytic cleavage within the 5'-External Transcribed Spacer (ETS) of a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Endonucleolytic cleavage within the 5'-ETS of the pre-RNA is conserved as one of the early steps of rRNA processing in all eukaryotes, but the specific position of cleavage is variable. [GOC:curators, PMID:10690410, PMID:15282326]


systematic_name: M22154
exact_source: GO:0000491
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000491
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and a snoRNA to form a small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) complex. [GOC:krc]


systematic_name: M22155
exact_source: GO:0000492
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000492
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and a box C/D snoRNA to form a box C/D small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) complex. [GOC:krc]


systematic_name: M46718
exact_source: GO:0000512
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000512
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A post-transcriptional gene silencing pathway in which regulatory long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) elicit silencing of specific target genes, often miRNAs or mRNAs. [PMID:34454184, PMID:35055152]


systematic_name: M10648
exact_source: GO:0000578
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000578
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or a point in an embryo. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:sdb_2009, GOC:tb]


systematic_name: M22157
exact_source: GO:0000712
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000712
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The cleavage and rejoining of intermediates, such as Holliday junctions, formed during meiotic recombination to produce two intact molecules in which genetic material has been exchanged. [GOC:elh, PMID:11733053]


systematic_name: M13353
exact_source: GO:0000722
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000722
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any recombinational process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length. [GOC:elh, PMID:11850777]


systematic_name: M42585
exact_source: GO:0000723
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000723
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins, the length of telomeric DNA and the replication and repair of the DNA. These processes includes those that shorten, lengthen, replicate and repair the telomeric DNA sequences. [GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_telomere, GOC:elh, GOC:rl, PMID:11092831]


systematic_name: M15461
exact_source: GO:0000725
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000725
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A DNA repair process that involves the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the broken DNA molecule and a homologous DNA region. [GOC:elh]


systematic_name: M22158
exact_source: GO:0000727
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000727
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the centromere-proximal end of a broken chromosome searches for a homologous region in an intact chromosome. DNA synthesis initiates from the 3' end of the invading DNA strand, using the intact chromosome as the template, and progresses to the end of the chromosome. [GOC:elh, PMID:10357855]


systematic_name: M15933
exact_source: GO:0000729
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000729
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang. [PMID:10357855]


systematic_name: M14184
exact_source: GO:0000731
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000731
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Synthesis of DNA that proceeds from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end and uses the homologous intact duplex as the template. [PMID:10357855]


systematic_name: M536
exact_source: GO:0000819
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000819
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. [GOC:ai, GOC:elh]


systematic_name: M22161
exact_source: GO:0000820
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000820
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline. [GOC:go_curators]


systematic_name: M34038
exact_source: GO:0000902
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000902
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized. [GOC:clt, GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]


systematic_name: M12709
exact_source: GO:0000910
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000910
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The division of the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane of a cell and its partitioning into two daughter cells. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


systematic_name: M22162
exact_source: GO:0000956
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000956
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs in eukaryotic cells. [GOC:krc]


systematic_name: M22163
exact_source: GO:0000957
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000957
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome and occurring in the mitochondrion. [GOC:krc, GOC:mah]


systematic_name: M13702
exact_source: GO:0000959
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000959
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome and occurring in the mitochondrion. [GOC:krc, GOC:mah]


systematic_name: M29010
exact_source: GO:0000960
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000960
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catabolism in the mitochondrion of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome. [GOC:krc, GOC:mah]


systematic_name: M13360
exact_source: GO:0000963
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000963
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The conversion of a primary RNA molecule transcribed from a mitochondrial genome into one or more mature RNA molecules; occurs in the mitochondrion. [GOC:krc, GOC:mah]


systematic_name: M22164
exact_source: GO:0000965
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000965
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an RNA molecule transcribed from a mitochondrial genome; occurs in the mitochondrion. [GOC:krc, GOC:mah]


systematic_name: M22166
exact_source: GO:0000972
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000972
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The chromosome organization process in which the DNA sequence containing a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II is maintained in a specific location at the nuclear periphery. In S. cerevisiae, this process involves cis-acting DNA sequences such as the TATA box and upstream activating sequence (UAS) elements, trans-acting transcriptional activators, and also the 3'-UTR of the transcript. [GOC:krc, PMID:18614049]


systematic_name: M10614
exact_source: GO:0001101
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001101
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by the chemical structure of the anion portion of a dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:rn]


systematic_name: M22167
exact_source: GO:0001188
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001188
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The formation of a large multiprotein-DNA complex that self-assembles on gene promoter through the sequential recruitment of the general initiation factors that compose the preinitiation complex (PIC) (which includes including UBF, SL1, RRN3 and TBP in human). The PIC engages RNA polymerase I on its DNA template strand and sparks polymerization of the first few RNA nucleotides. [GOC:txnOH, PMID:14969726]


systematic_name: M22169
exact_source: GO:0001325
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001325
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Excision from the chromosome and circularization of a region of chromosomal DNA, generally, but not always, via homologous recombination between direct tandem repeats. [GOC:jh, PMID:12044938]


systematic_name: M42586
exact_source: GO:0001408
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001408
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The directed movement of guanine nucleotides, GTP, GDP, and/or GMP, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mcc]


systematic_name: M10584
exact_source: GO:0001501
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001501
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton). [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:tb]


systematic_name: M45805
exact_source: GO:0001502
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001502
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The condensation of mesenchymal cells that have been committed to differentiate into chondrocytes. [ISBN:0878932437]


systematic_name: M14199
exact_source: GO:0001503
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001503
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [GOC:mtg_mpo, PMID:17572649]


systematic_name: M10602
exact_source: GO:0001504
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001504
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The directed movement of neurotransmitters into neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters. [ISBN:0123668387]


systematic_name: M8865
exact_source: GO:0001508
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001508
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A process in which membrane potential cycles through a depolarizing spike, triggered in response to depolarization above some threshold, followed by repolarization. This cycle is driven by the flow of ions through various voltage gated channels with different thresholds and ion specificities. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb, ISBN:978-0-07-139011-8]


systematic_name: M11750
exact_source: GO:0001510
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001510
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Posttranscriptional addition of a methyl group to either a nucleotide or 2'-O ribose in a polyribonucleotide. Usually uses S-adenosylmethionine as a cofactor. [GOC:hjd, PMID:21823225]


systematic_name: M11974
exact_source: GO:0001522
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001522
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine within an RNA molecule. [GOC:hjd, GOC:mah]


systematic_name: M13478
exact_source: GO:0001539
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001539
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Cell motility due to movement of eukaryotic cilia or bacterial-type flagella or archaeal-type flagella. [GOC:cilia, GOC:hjd, GOC:krc]


systematic_name: M12328
exact_source: GO:0001541
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001541
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ovarian follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279054/]


systematic_name: M22170
exact_source: GO:0001542
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001542
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process leading to the rupture of the follicle, releasing the centrally located oocyte into the oviduct. An example of this is found in Mus musculus. [GOC:mtg_sensu, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279054/]


systematic_name: M22171
exact_source: GO:0001547
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001547
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Increase in size of antral follicles due to cell proliferation and/or growth of the antral cavity. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279054/]


systematic_name: M22172
exact_source: GO:0001553
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001553
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The set of processes resulting in differentiation of theca and granulosa cells into luteal cells and in the formation of a corpus luteum after ovulation. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279054/]


systematic_name: M22173
exact_source: GO:0001554
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001554
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The lysis or structural demise of the corpus luteum. During normal luteolysis, two closely related events occur. First, there is loss of the capacity to synthesize and secrete progesterone (functional luteolysis) followed by loss of the cells that comprise the corpus luteum (structural luteolysis). Preventing luteolysis is crucial to maintain pregnancy. [PMID:10617764]


systematic_name: M13890
exact_source: GO:0001556
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001556
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an oocyte to attain its fully functional state. Oocyte maturation commences after reinitiation of meiosis commonly starting with germinal vesicle breakdown, and continues up to the second meiotic arrest prior to fertilization. [GOC:devbiol, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279054/]


systematic_name: M4380
exact_source: GO:0001558
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001558
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. [GOC:go_curators]


systematic_name: M22174
exact_source: GO:0001561
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001561
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A metabolic pathway by which 3-methyl branched fatty acids are degraded. These compounds are not degraded by the normal peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway, because the 3-methyl blocks the dehydrogenation of the hydroxyl group by hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The 3-methyl branched fatty acid is converted in several steps to pristenic acid, which can then feed into the beta-oxidative pathway. [PMID:10198260]


systematic_name: M13033
exact_source: GO:0001562
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001562
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a protozoan. [GOC:ai]


systematic_name: M22175
exact_source: GO:0001569
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001569
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process of coordinated growth and sprouting of blood vessels giving rise to the organized vascular system. [GOC:dph]


systematic_name: M14322
exact_source: GO:0001570
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001570
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes. [PMID:8999798]


systematic_name: M29011
exact_source: GO:0001573
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001573
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The chemical reactions and pathways involving ceramide oligosaccharides carrying in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic acid residues. [ISBN:0198506732]


systematic_name: M13958
exact_source: GO:0001574
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001574
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ceramide oligosaccharides carrying in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic acid residues. [ISBN:0198506732]


systematic_name: M11227
exact_source: GO:0001649
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001649
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an osteoblast, a mesodermal or neural crest cell that gives rise to bone. [CL:0000062, GO_REF:0000034, GOC:jid]


systematic_name: M14876
exact_source: GO:0001655
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001655
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urogenital system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:go_curators]


systematic_name: M10490
exact_source: GO:0001656
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001656
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0192800752]


systematic_name: M22176
exact_source: GO:0001660
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001660
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The heat generation process that results in a rise in body temperature above the normal, often as a response to infection. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl]


systematic_name: M11385
exact_source: GO:0001676
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001676
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The chemical reactions and pathways involving a long-chain fatty acid. A long-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing 13 to 22 carbons. [GOC:ajp]


systematic_name: M14255
exact_source: GO:0001678
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001678
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of glucose within a cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]


systematic_name: M22179
exact_source: GO:0001682
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001682
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Generation of the mature 5'-end of the tRNA, usually via an endonucleolytic cleavage by RNase P. [PMID:11592395]


systematic_name: M34040
exact_source: GO:0001692
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001692
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The chemical reactions and pathways involving histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172]


systematic_name: M22180
exact_source: GO:0001696
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001696
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion. [GOC:hjd]


systematic_name: M12544
exact_source: GO:0001701
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001701
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_sensu]


systematic_name: M11702
exact_source: GO:0001702
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001702
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A gastrulation process in which the initial invagination becomes the anus and the mouth forms second. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_sensu]


systematic_name: M15496
exact_source: GO:0001708
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001708
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The cellular developmental process involved in cell fate commitment in which the cell is designated to follow a developmental path, unless they receive extrinsic cues that direct an alternative fate. [GOC:go_curators]


systematic_name: M14390
exact_source: GO:0001709
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001709
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The cellular developmental process involved in cell fate commitment that occurs after cell fate specification, in which a cell is irreversibly committed to a cellular developmental fate which is heritable on cell division. [ISBN:0878932437]


systematic_name: M16287
exact_source: GO:0001710
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001710
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The cell differentiation process that results in commitment of a cell to become part of the mesoderm. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0878932437]


systematic_name: M16520
exact_source: GO:0001711
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001711
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The cell differentiation process that results in commitment of a cell to become part of the endoderm. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0878932437]


systematic_name: M22181
exact_source: GO:0001714
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001714
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The cell fate determination process that results in a cell becoming capable of differentiating autonomously into an endoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. [GOC:go_curators]


systematic_name: M45044
exact_source: GO:0001732
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001732
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Joining of the large ribosomal subunit with the translation preinitiation complex, with release of IF2/eIF2 and IF3/eIF3 or IF5B/eIF5B. This leaves the functional ribosome at the AUG, with the methionyl/formyl-methionyl-tRNA positioned at the P site. [GOC:hjd, PMID:29735639]


systematic_name: M14957
exact_source: GO:0001738
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001738
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The morphogenetic process in which the anatomical structures of a polarized epithelium are generated and organized. A polarized epithelium is an epithelium where the epithelial sheet is oriented with respect to the planar axis. [GOC:dph]


systematic_name: M12350
exact_source: GO:0001754
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001754
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, as found in the eye, the primary visual organ of most organisms. [GOC:go_curators]


systematic_name: M13075
exact_source: GO:0001756
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001756
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The formation of mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo. [ISBN:0721662544]


systematic_name: M13627
exact_source: GO:0001759
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001759
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The interaction of two or more cells or tissues that causes them to change their fates and specify the development of an organ. [ISBN:0878932437]


systematic_name: M14729
exact_source: GO:0001763
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001763
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem. Examples in animals would include blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and other endothelial or epithelial tubes. [ISBN:0721662544]


systematic_name: M13864
exact_source: GO:0001764
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001764
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The characteristic movement of an immature neuron from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature. [CL:0000540, GOC:go_curators]


systematic_name: M22184
exact_source: GO:0001765
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001765
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a membrane raft, a small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalizes cellular processes. [PMID:12648772, PMID:12803918, PMID:16645198]


systematic_name: M22185
exact_source: GO:0001767
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001767
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The directed orientation of lymphocyte signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with an appropriate activating cell. [GOC:mgi_curators, PMID:11244041, PMID:12615889]


systematic_name: M16118
exact_source: GO:0001771
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001771
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The formation of an area of close contact between a lymphocyte (T-, B-, or natural killer cell) and a target cell through the clustering of particular signaling and adhesion molecules and their associated membrane rafts on both the lymphocyte and target cell, which facilitates activation of the lymphocyte, transfer of membrane from the target cell to the lymphocyte, and in some situations killing of the target cell through release of secretory granules and/or death-pathway ligand-receptor interaction. [GOC:mgi_curators, PMID:11244041, PMID:11376330]


systematic_name: M16283
exact_source: GO:0001773
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001773
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The change in morphology and behavior of a dendritic cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. [GOC:mgi_curators, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M6709
exact_source: GO:0001775
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001775
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A multicellular organismal process by which exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand results in a change in the morphology or behavior of a cell. [GOC:mgi_curators]


systematic_name: M16788
exact_source: GO:0001776
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001776
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system such that the total number of cells of a particular cell type within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M22186
exact_source: GO:0001778
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001778
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The resealing of a cell plasma membrane after cellular wounding due to, for instance, mechanical stress. [GOC:add, PMID:12925704]


systematic_name: M10359
exact_source: GO:0001779
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001779
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a natural killer cell. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M22187
exact_source: GO:0001780
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001780
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of neutrophils such that the total number of neutrophils within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. [GOC:add, GOC:pr, PMID:12752675, PMID:12960266]


systematic_name: M22188
exact_source: GO:0001781
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001781
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any apoptotic process in a neutrophil, any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte that in its mature form has a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [CL:0000775, GOC:add, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, PMID:12752675, PMID:12960266]


systematic_name: M10425
exact_source: GO:0001782
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001782
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of B cells such that the total number of B cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12956429]


systematic_name: M22189
exact_source: GO:0001783
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001783
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any apoptotic process in a B cell, a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity. [CL:0000236, GOC:add, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M13156
exact_source: GO:0001816
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001816
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M16054
exact_source: GO:0001818
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001818
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of production of a cytokine. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M11373
exact_source: GO:0001819
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001819
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of production of a cytokine. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M22191
exact_source: GO:0001820
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001820
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The regulated release of serotonin by a cell. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine synthesised in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system, enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract and some immune system cells. [GOC:ef, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M34041
exact_source: GO:0001821
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001821
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The regulated release of histamine by a cell or tissue. It is formed by decarboxylation of histidine and it acts through receptors in smooth muscle and in secretory systems. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M16285
exact_source: GO:0001823
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001823
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the mesonephros is the second of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the mesonephros will form the mature kidney. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0124020607, ISBN:0721662544, PMID:10535314]


systematic_name: M13548
exact_source: GO:0001824
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001824
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blastocyst over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0124020607, ISBN:0198542771]


systematic_name: M11531
exact_source: GO:0001825
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001825
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The initial formation of a blastocyst from a solid ball of cells known as a morula. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0124020607, ISBN:0198542771]


systematic_name: M22192
exact_source: GO:0001826
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001826
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an inner cell mass cell. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0124020607, ISBN:0198542771]


systematic_name: M15352
exact_source: GO:0001829
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001829
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a trophectoderm cell. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0124020607, ISBN:0198542771]


systematic_name: M15169
exact_source: GO:0001832
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001832
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  An increase in size of a blastocyst due to expansion of the blastocoelic cavity cell shape changes and cell proliferation. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0124020607, ISBN:0198542771]


systematic_name: M12152
exact_source: GO:0001833
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001833
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The proliferation of cells in the inner cell mass. [GOC:dph, GOC:isa_complete, ISBN:0124020607, ISBN:0198542771]


systematic_name: M13434
exact_source: GO:0001836
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001836
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process that results in the movement of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is part of the apoptotic signaling pathway and leads to caspase activation. [GOC:add, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, ISBN:0721639976, PMID:12925707, PMID:9560217]


systematic_name: M817
exact_source: GO:0001837
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001837
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. [GOC:dph, PMID:14701881]


systematic_name: M22193
exact_source: GO:0001839
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001839
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which the anatomical structures of the neural plate are generated and organized. The neural plate is a specialized region of columnar epithelial cells in the dorsal ectoderm that will give rise to nervous system tissue. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0878932437]


systematic_name: M22194
exact_source: GO:0001840
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001840
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural plate over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neural plate is a flat, thickened layer of ectodermal cells. The underlying dorsal mesoderm signals the ectodermal cells above it to elongate into columnar neural plate cells. The neural plate subsequently develops into the neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system. [GOC:dph, GOC:ef, ISBN:0878932437, ISBN:0878932585]


systematic_name: M15370
exact_source: GO:0001841
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001841
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0878932437]


systematic_name: M22195
exact_source: GO:0001842
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001842
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which the neural fold is formed. The edges of the neural plate thicken and move up to form a U-shaped structure called the neural groove. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0878932437]


systematic_name: M11887
exact_source: GO:0001845
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001845
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process that results in the fusion of a phagosome, a vesicle formed by phagocytosis, with a lysosome. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M22197
exact_source: GO:0001865
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001865
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a NK T cell. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:10704459]


systematic_name: M22199
exact_source: GO:0001867
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001867
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the lectin pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M42588
exact_source: GO:0001878
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001878
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a yeast species. [PMID:14707091]


systematic_name: M22200
exact_source: GO:0001881
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001881
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process that results in the return of receptor molecules to an active state and an active cellular location after they have been stimulated by a ligand. An active state is when the receptor is ready to receive a signal. [GOC:dph]


systematic_name: M10104
exact_source: GO:0001885
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001885
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The progression of an endothelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:dph]


systematic_name: M22201
exact_source: GO:0001886
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001886
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during the differentiation of an endothelial cell. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


systematic_name: M15526
exact_source: GO:0001890
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001890
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin. [GOC:add, ISBN:068340007X]


systematic_name: M12216
exact_source: GO:0001892
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001892
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The embryonically driven process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin. [GOC:add, ISBN:068340007X]


systematic_name: M15972
exact_source: GO:0001893
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001893
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Maternally driven process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin. [GOC:add, ISBN:068340007X]


systematic_name: M45045
exact_source: GO:0001894
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001894
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined tissue of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function. [GOC:add, GOC:isa_complete]


systematic_name: M15299
exact_source: GO:0001895
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001895
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A tissue homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium within the retina of the eye, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function. [GOC:add, GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:15365173, PMID:15365178]


systematic_name: M15770
exact_source: GO:0001906
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001906
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process in an organism that results in the killing of its own cells or those of another organism, including in some cases the death of the other organism. Killing here refers to the induction of death in one cell by another cell, not cell-autonomous death due to internal or other environmental conditions. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M11242
exact_source: GO:0001909
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001909
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The directed killing of a target cell by a leukocyte. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:11911826]


systematic_name: M22203
exact_source: GO:0001913
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001913
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The directed killing of a target cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors. [GOC:add, GOC:pr, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:11911826]


systematic_name: M12991
exact_source: GO:0001914
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001914
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M22204
exact_source: GO:0001915
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001915
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of T cell mediated cytotoxicity. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M12145
exact_source: GO:0001916
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001916
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M16264
exact_source: GO:0001921
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001921
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor recycling. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M22205
exact_source: GO:0001923
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001923
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which a hemopoietic stem cell acquires the specialized features of a B-1 B cell. B-1 B cells are a distinct subset of B cells characterized as being CD5 positive, found predominantly in the peritoneum, pleural cavities, and spleen, and enriched for self-reactivity. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M3696
exact_source: GO:0001935
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001935
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The multiplication or reproduction of endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Endothelial cells are thin flattened cells which line the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M15272
exact_source: GO:0001937
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001937
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M15832
exact_source: GO:0001938
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001938
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M13157
exact_source: GO:0001941
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001941
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a postsynaptic membrane, the specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). [GOC:dph, GOC:pr]


systematic_name: M4002
exact_source: GO:0001944
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001944
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The vasculature is an interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure that contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism. [GOC:dph, UBERON:0002409]


systematic_name: M15779
exact_source: GO:0001945
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001945
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lymph vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:dph, UBERON:0001473]


systematic_name: M12830
exact_source: GO:0001946
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001946
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Lymph vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing vessels. [GOC:dph, PMID:11596157]


systematic_name: M15173
exact_source: GO:0001952
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001952
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to the extracellular matrix. [GOC:hjd]


systematic_name: M12466
exact_source: GO:0001953
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001953
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix. [GOC:hjd]


systematic_name: M12172
exact_source: GO:0001954
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001954
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to an extracellular matrix. [GOC:hjd]


systematic_name: M22206
exact_source: GO:0001955
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001955
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a blood vessel to attain its fully functional state. [GOC:dph]


systematic_name: M13827
exact_source: GO:0001956
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001956
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter. [GOC:hjd]


systematic_name: M13418
exact_source: GO:0001963
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001963
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The vesicular release of dopamine. from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of dopamine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph]


systematic_name: M10981
exact_source: GO:0001967
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001967
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Specific behavior of a newborn or infant mammal that results in the derivation of nourishment from the breast. [GOC:dph, GOC:pr]


systematic_name: M12946
exact_source: GO:0001975
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001975
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amphetamine stimulus. Amphetamines consist of a group of compounds related to alpha-methylphenethylamine. [GOC:dph, GOC:ef]


systematic_name: M14150
exact_source: GO:0001976
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001976
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The regulation of blood pressure mediated by detection of stimuli and a neurological response. [GOC:mtg_cardio, ISBN:0721643949]


systematic_name: M10872
exact_source: GO:0001977
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001977
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A slow mechanism of blood pressure regulation that responds to changes in pressure resulting from fluid and salt intake by modulating the quantity of blood in the circulatory system. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, ISBN:0721643949]


systematic_name: M16299
exact_source: GO:0001990
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001990
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which hormones modulate the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. A hormone is one of a group of substances formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which they have a specific regulatory action. [GOC:mtg_cardio, ISBN:0721643949]


systematic_name: M10423
exact_source: GO:0001991
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001991
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which angiotensinogen metabolites in the bloodstream modulate the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. The process begins when renin is released and cleaves angiotensinogen. [ISBN:0721643949]


systematic_name: M22208
exact_source: GO:0001992
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001992
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The regulation of blood pressure mediated by the signaling molecule vasopressin. Vasopressin is produced in the hypothalamus, and affects vasoconstriction, and renal water transport. [GOC:mtg_cardio, ISBN:0721643949]


systematic_name: M22209
exact_source: GO:0001993
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001993
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine or epinephrine into the bloodstream modulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. [ISBN:0721643949]


systematic_name: M22211
exact_source: GO:0002002
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002002
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process that modulates the level of any of the various angiotensinogen proteolytic products in the blood. This occurs by the proteolytic cleavage of angiotensinogen, and its proteolytic products, to create a variety of active peptide hormones, such as angiotensin I and angiotensin II, as well as through the removal of these peptides from the circulation. [GOC:rl, PMID:21951628, Wikipedia:Angiotensin]


systematic_name: M10083
exact_source: GO:0002009
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002009
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which the anatomical structures of epithelia are generated and organized. An epithelium consists of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers, that covers the outer surfaces of the body or lines any internal cavity or tube. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, ISBN:0198506732]


systematic_name: M13139
exact_source: GO:0002011
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002011
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which the anatomical structures of an epithelial sheet are generated and organized. An epithelial sheet is a flat surface consisting of closely packed epithelial cells. [GOC:jl]


systematic_name: M15949
exact_source: GO:0002016
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002016
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which the renin-angiotensin system controls the rate of fluid intake and output into the blood. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_cardio, GOC:tb, ISBN:0721643949]


systematic_name: M10800
exact_source: GO:0002021
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002021
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The physiological process in which dietary excess is sensed by the central nervous system, resulting in a reduction in food intake and increased energy expenditure. [GOC:pg, GOC:pr, PMID:12161655]


systematic_name: M22212
exact_source: GO:0002023
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002023
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  An eating behavior process whereby detection of a dietary excess results in a decrease in intake of nutrients. [GOC:pg, GOC:pr, PMID:12161655, PMID:12840200]


systematic_name: M22213
exact_source: GO:0002024
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002024
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process that results in increased metabolic rate in tissues of an organism. It is triggered by the detection of dietary excess. This process is achieved via signaling in the sympathetic nervous system. [PMID:12161655]


systematic_name: M13092
exact_source: GO:0002026
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002026
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the extent of heart contraction, changing the force with which blood is propelled. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:10358008]


systematic_name: M13192
exact_source: GO:0002027
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002027
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:10358008]


systematic_name: M11902
exact_source: GO:0002028
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002028
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:dph]


systematic_name: M10096
exact_source: GO:0002031
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002031
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process that results in the uptake of a G protein-coupled receptor into an endocytic vesicle. [PMID:8396717]


systematic_name: M22214
exact_source: GO:0002036
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002036
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell. [GOC:TermGenie]


systematic_name: M12499
exact_source: GO:0002040
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002040
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The extension of new blood vessels from existing vessels into avascular tissues, this process includes the specialization of endothelial cells into leading tip and stalk cells, proliferation and migration of the endothelial cells and cell adhesion resulting in angiogenic sprout fusion or lumen formation. [PMID:16391003, PMID:23031691]


systematic_name: M11055
exact_source: GO:0002042
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002042
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels involved in sprouting angiogenesis. [PMID:16391003]


systematic_name: M22215
exact_source: GO:0002043
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002043
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The multiplication or reproduction of blood vessel endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population contributing to sprouting angiogenesis. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:16391003]


systematic_name: M15138
exact_source: GO:0002053
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002053
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process of activating or increasing the rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. Mesenchymal cells are loosely organized embryonic cells. [GOC:dph]


systematic_name: M13053
exact_source: GO:0002062
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002062
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage. [GOC:dph]


systematic_name: M11483
exact_source: GO:0002063
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002063
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate. [GOC:dph]


systematic_name: M10678
exact_source: GO:0002064
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002064
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. [GOC:dph]


systematic_name: M14185
exact_source: GO:0002065
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002065
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube. [GOC:dph]


systematic_name: M14021
exact_source: GO:0002066
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002066
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube. [GOC:dph]


systematic_name: M16936
exact_source: GO:0002067
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002067
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glandular epithelial cell. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland. [GOC:dph]


systematic_name: M12098
exact_source: GO:0002068
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002068
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glandular epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland. [GOC:dph]


systematic_name: M22216
exact_source: GO:0002069
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002069
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a columna/cuboidal epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube. [GOC:dph]


systematic_name: M16225
exact_source: GO:0002070
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002070
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. [GOC:dph]


systematic_name: M45046
exact_source: GO:0002071
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002071
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a glandular epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland. [GOC:dph]


systematic_name: M22217
exact_source: GO:0002072
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002072
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The invagination of the optic vesicle to form two-walled indentations, the optic cups, that will go on to form the retina. This process begins with the optic vesicle becoming a two-walled structure and its subsequent shape changes. It does not include the fate commitment of cells to become the pigmented retina and the neural retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:sdb_2009, GOC:tb, ISBN:0878932437]


systematic_name: M15119
exact_source: GO:0002076
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002076
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an osteoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Osteoblast development does not include the steps involved in committing a cranial neural crest cell or an osteoprogenitor cell to an osteoblast fate. An osteoblast is a cell that gives rise to bone. [GOC:dph]


systematic_name: M12136
exact_source: GO:0002082
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002082
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis. [GOC:dph]


systematic_name: M45047
exact_source: GO:0002085
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002085
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that prevents the activation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation. Neuroepithelial cell differentiation is the process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells. [GOC:dph, PMID:16678814]


systematic_name: M42591
exact_source: GO:0002087
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002087
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A process carried out by the nervous system that is required for the proper control of respiratory gaseous exchange. This process occurs in the respiratory center of the brain in vertebrates. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:12458206]


systematic_name: M16757
exact_source: GO:0002088
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002088
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lens over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0582064333]


systematic_name: M15529
exact_source: GO:0002089
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002089
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which the anatomical structures of the lens are generated and organized. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_sensu]


systematic_name: M22218
exact_source: GO:0002091
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002091
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization. [GOC:hjd]


systematic_name: M13693
exact_source: GO:0002092
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002092
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization. [GOC:hjd]


systematic_name: M22219
exact_source: GO:0002097
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002097
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which the nucleotide at position 34 in the anticodon of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally modified. [GOC:hjd, ISBN:155581073X]


systematic_name: M22221
exact_source: GO:0002115
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002115
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A calcium ion entry mechanism in the plasma membrane activated by the depletion of calcium ion from the internal calcium ion store in the endoplasmic reticulum. [GOC:hjd, PMID:11120592, PMID:17956991]


systematic_name: M22222
exact_source: GO:0002118
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002118
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A behavioral interaction between organisms in which one organism has the intention of inflicting physical damage on another individual. [GOC:hjd]


systematic_name: M22225
exact_source: GO:0002158
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002158
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The multiplication or reproduction of osteoclasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoclast cell population. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue, which typically differentiates from monocytes. [CL:0000092, GOC:hjd]


systematic_name: M10085
exact_source: GO:0002181
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002181
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in the cytoplasm. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein. [GOC:hjd]


systematic_name: M22227
exact_source: GO:0002182
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002182
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis in the cytoplasm. [GOC:hjd]


systematic_name: M13161
exact_source: GO:0002183
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002183
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein in the cytoplasm. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA. [GOC:hjd]


systematic_name: M42593
exact_source: GO:0002191
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002191
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process where the cap structure, composed of a 7- methylguanosine (m7G) group and associated cap-binding proteins, located at the 5' end of an mRNA molecule, which serves as a molecular tag that marks the spot where the 40S ribosomal subunit, is recruited and will then scan in a 5' to 3' direction until an AUG codon is encountered in an appropriate sequence context to initiate mRNA translation. [PMID:17284590, PMID:19604130]


systematic_name: M13638
exact_source: GO:0002200
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002200
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The somatic process allowing for the production of immune receptors whose specificity is not encoded in the germline genomic sequences. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:16102575, PMID:16166509]


systematic_name: M15340
exact_source: GO:0002218
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002218
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that initiates an innate immune response. Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens. Examples of this process include activation of the hypersensitive response of Arabidopsis thaliana and activation of any NOD or TLR signaling pathway in vertebrate species. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15199967, PMID:16177805]


systematic_name: M45808
exact_source: GO:0002220
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002220
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a cell surface receptor that leads to the activation of an innate immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15199967]


systematic_name: M11996
exact_source: GO:0002224
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002224
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor of a target cell. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12467241, PMID:12524386, PMID:12855817, PMID:15585605, PMID:15728447]


systematic_name: M12958
exact_source: GO:0002227
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002227
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process of the innate immune response that takes place in the mucosal tissues. [GOC:add, PMID:10719665, PMID:15971105]


systematic_name: M13937
exact_source: GO:0002228
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002228
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The promotion of an immune response by natural killer cells through direct recognition of target cells or through the release of cytokines. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M22229
exact_source: GO:0002230
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002230
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any host process that results in the promotion of antiviral immune response mechanisms, thereby limiting viral replication. [GOC:add, GOC:dph, GOC:tb, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M29017
exact_source: GO:0002232
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002232
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The movement of an immune cell in response to an external stimulus contributing to an inflammatory response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M16728
exact_source: GO:0002237
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002237
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of bacterial origin such as peptides derived from bacterial flagellin. [GOC:rl, GOC:sm]


systematic_name: M40324
exact_source: GO:0002238
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002238
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of fungal origin such as chito-octamer oligosaccharide. [GOC:rl, GOC:sm]


systematic_name: M10180
exact_source: GO:0002244
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002244
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a hematopoietic progenitor cell, a class of cell types including myeloid progenitor cells and lymphoid progenitor cells. [GOC:add, GOC:rl, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:16551251]


systematic_name: M22230
exact_source: GO:0002246
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002246
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The series of events that restore integrity to damaged tissue that contribute to an inflammatory response. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0721601871]


systematic_name: M42595
exact_source: GO:0002248
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002248
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The series of events leading to growth of connective tissue when loss of tissues that are incapable of regeneration occurs, or when fibrinous exudate cannot be adequately cleared, as part of an inflammatory response. [GOC:jal, PMID:9639571]


systematic_name: M13847
exact_source: GO:0002250
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002250
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  An immune response mediated by cells expressing specific receptors for antigens produced through a somatic diversification process, and allowing for an enhanced secondary response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory). [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M11805
exact_source: GO:0002251
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002251
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  An immune response taking place in an organ or tissues such as the liver, brain, mucosa, or nervous system tissues. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:jal]


systematic_name: M14818
exact_source: GO:0002252
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002252
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process of the immune system that executes a component of an immune response. An effector immune process takes place after its activation. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M11008
exact_source: GO:0002260
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002260
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of lymphocytes such that the total number of lymphocytes within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. [GOC:add, PMID:15826826, PMID:16319493, PMID:16551252, PMID:16551262]


systematic_name: M10467
exact_source: GO:0002262
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002262
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of myeloid cells such that the total number of myeloid cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. [CL:0000763, GOC:add]


systematic_name: M12069
exact_source: GO:0002263
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002263
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M45049
exact_source: GO:0002269
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002269
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A change in the morphology or behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an inflammatory response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M12762
exact_source: GO:0002274
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002274
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A change in the morphology or behavior of a myeloid leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M42596
exact_source: GO:0002275
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002275
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A change in the morphology or behavior of a myeloid cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M48363
exact_source: GO:0002279
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002279
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The change in morphology and behavior of a mast cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the mast cell has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M10789
exact_source: GO:0002281
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002281
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M45050
exact_source: GO:0002282
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002282
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The change in morphology and behavior of a microglial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M42597
exact_source: GO:0002283
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002283
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The change in morphology and behavior of a neutrophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M16140
exact_source: GO:0002285
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002285
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M10714
exact_source: GO:0002286
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002286
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M22233
exact_source: GO:0002291
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002291
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to an antigen for which its T cell receptor is specific bound to an MHC molecule on an antigen presenting cell, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M12607
exact_source: GO:0002292
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002292
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which an antigenically naive T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M34046
exact_source: GO:0002295
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002295
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell specialized to promote various immunological processes. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M40326
exact_source: GO:0002309
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002309
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The expansion of a T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M16926
exact_source: GO:0002312
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002312
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell during an immune response, resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. [GOC:jal]


systematic_name: M45051
exact_source: GO:0002313
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002313
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which a naive B cell acquires the specialized features of a mature or memory B cell during an immune response. [GOC:jal]


systematic_name: M34047
exact_source: GO:0002314
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002314
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a germinal center B cell. Germinal center B cells are rapidly cycling B cells which have downregulated IgD expression and exhibit high levels of binding by peanut agglutinin (PNA). [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M22234
exact_source: GO:0002315
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002315
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a marginal zone B cell. Marginal zone B cells are localized in a distinct anatomical region of the spleen that represents the major antigen-filtering and scavenging area (by specialized macrophages resident there). It appears that they are preselected to express a BCR repertoire similar to B-1 B cells, biased toward bacterial cell wall constituents and senescent self-components (such as oxidized LDL). [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M40327
exact_source: GO:0002317
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002317
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which a B cell acquires the specialized features of a plasma cell. A plasma cell is a lymphocyte which develops from a B cell and produces high amounts of antibody. [GOC:jal]


systematic_name: M22235
exact_source: GO:0002318
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002318
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a myeloid progenitor cell. Myeloid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the myeloid lineages. [GOC:add, PMID:16551264]


systematic_name: M15918
exact_source: GO:0002320
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002320
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a lymphoid progenitor cell. Lymphoid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the lymphoid lineages. [GOC:add, PMID:16551251, PMID:16551264]


systematic_name: M22236
exact_source: GO:0002322
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002322
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The expansion of a B cell population by cell division following B cell activation during an immune response. [GOC:jal]


systematic_name: M13717
exact_source: GO:0002323
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002323
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell resulting from exposure a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, PMID:15032583]


systematic_name: M22237
exact_source: GO:0002326
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002326
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to become any type of B cell. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M22238
exact_source: GO:0002327
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002327
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an immature B cell. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:16551251]


systematic_name: M22239
exact_source: GO:0002328
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002328
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a pro-B cell. Pro-B cells are the earliest stage of the B cell lineage and undergo heavy chain D and J gene rearrangements, although they are not fully committed. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M15201
exact_source: GO:0002335
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002335
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which transitional stage B cells acquire the specialized features of mature B cells in the spleen. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M22241
exact_source: GO:0002347
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002347
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a tumor cell. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:16730260]


systematic_name: M40328
exact_source: GO:0002357
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002357
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a tumor cell that act to protect the cell or organism. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:16730260]


systematic_name: M14950
exact_source: GO:0002360
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002360
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to becoming any type of T cell. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M22243
exact_source: GO:0002361
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002361
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell. [GOC:add, PMID:15207821]


systematic_name: M14635
exact_source: GO:0002367
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002367
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus contributing to an immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M22246
exact_source: GO:0002370
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002370
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a natural killer cell. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M29019
exact_source: GO:0002372
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002372
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a myeloid dendritic cell. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M12930
exact_source: GO:0002377
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002377
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M14208
exact_source: GO:0002381
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002381
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus during an immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:9185563]


systematic_name: M34048
exact_source: GO:0002407
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002407
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The movement of a dendritic cell in response to an external stimulus. [CL:0000451, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15814331, PMID:16056255]


systematic_name: M22250
exact_source: GO:0002418
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002418
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  An immune system process that functions in the response of an organism to a tumor cell. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:16730260]


systematic_name: M22251
exact_source: GO:0002423
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002423
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  An immune response mediated by a natural killer cell triggered in response to the presence of a tumor cell. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:16730260]


systematic_name: M34049
exact_source: GO:0002424
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002424
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  An immune response mediated by a T cell triggered in response to the presence of a tumor cell. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:16730260]


systematic_name: M22252
exact_source: GO:0002428
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002428
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses peptide antigen in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex on its cell surface. The peptide antigen may originate from an endogenous or exogenous protein. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E family. [GOC:add, PMID:15928678]


systematic_name: M22253
exact_source: GO:0002430
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002430
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a component of the complement pathway binding to a complement receptor. Such components include both whole complement proteins and fragments of complement proteins generated through the activity of the complement pathway. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M22254
exact_source: GO:0002431
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002431
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a the binding of the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin by an Fc receptor capable of activating or perpetuating an immune response. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M45052
exact_source: GO:0002433
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002433
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  An immune response-regulating cell surface receptor signaling pathway that contributes to the endocytic engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:bf, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M40329
exact_source: GO:0002434
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002434
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A process directed at removing immune complexes from the body. Immune complexes are clusters of antibodies bound to antigen, to which complement may also be fixed, and which may precipitate or remain in solution. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:068340007X]


systematic_name: M13812
exact_source: GO:0002437
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002437
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  An inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus, which can be include any number of T cell or B cell epitopes. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M22255
exact_source: GO:0002438
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002438
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  An acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. An acute inflammatory response occurs within a matter of minutes or hours, and either resolves within a few days or becomes a chronic inflammatory response. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M16237
exact_source: GO:0002440
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002440
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M11678
exact_source: GO:0002443
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002443
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a leukocyte. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M14205
exact_source: GO:0002444
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002444
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a myeloid leukocyte. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M42599
exact_source: GO:0002445
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002445
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  An inflammatory response resulting in cell death or dysfunction mediated by activation of the classical complement pathway or induction of effector cell phagocytosis, cytolysis mechanisms via complement or Fc receptors following the binding of antibodies to cell surface antigens on a target cell, or mediated by the direct binding of antibody to cellular receptors. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M42600
exact_source: GO:0002446
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002446
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a neutrophil. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M42601
exact_source: GO:0002447
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002447
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by an eosinophil. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M12663
exact_source: GO:0002449
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002449
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a lymphocyte. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M14749
exact_source: GO:0002455
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002455
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  An immune response dependent upon secreted immunoglobulin. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M15651
exact_source: GO:0002456
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002456
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a T cell. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M22256
exact_source: GO:0002457
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002457
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which a T cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. [GOC:add, PMID:11417857, PMID:15120183]


systematic_name: M16548
exact_source: GO:0002460
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002460
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  An immune response mediated by lymphocytes expressing specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process that includes somatic recombination of germline gene segments encoding immunoglobulin superfamily domains. Recombined receptors for antigen encoded by immunoglobulin superfamily domains include T cell receptors and immunoglobulins (antibodies) produced by B cells. The first encounter with antigen elicits a primary immune response that is slow and not of great magnitude. T and B cells selected by antigen become activated and undergo clonal expansion. A fraction of antigen-reactive T and B cells become memory cells, whereas others differentiate into effector cells. The memory cells generated during the primary response enable a much faster and stronger secondary immune response upon subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory). An example of this is the adaptive immune response found in Mus musculus. [GOC:add, GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0781735149, ISBN:1405196831]


systematic_name: M22257
exact_source: GO:0002461
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002461
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Tolerance induction dependent upon an immune response, typically a response by a mature T or B cell in the periphery resulting tolerance towards an antigen via induction of anergy, cellular deletion, or regulatory T cell activation. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M22258
exact_source: GO:0002467
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002467
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which germinal centers form. A germinal center is a specialized microenvironment formed when activated B cells enter lymphoid follicles. Germinal centers are the foci for B cell proliferation and somatic hypermutation. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:jal, ISBN:081533642X]


systematic_name: M22259
exact_source: GO:0002468
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002468
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which a dendritic cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15771591]


systematic_name: M13091
exact_source: GO:0002474
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002474
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15224092, PMID:15771591]


systematic_name: M11335
exact_source: GO:0002475
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002475
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 or HLA-E gene families. [GOC:add, PMID:15928678, PMID:15928680]


systematic_name: M42602
exact_source: GO:0002478
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002478
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M16750
exact_source: GO:0002483
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002483
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M42603
exact_source: GO:0002501
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002501
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The binding of a peptide to the antigen binding groove of an MHC protein complex. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15771591]


systematic_name: M48364
exact_source: GO:0002502
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002502
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The binding of a peptide to the antigen binding groove of an MHC class I protein complex. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15771591]


systematic_name: M42604
exact_source: GO:0002503
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002503
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The binding of a peptide to the antigen binding groove of an MHC class II protein complex. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15771591]


systematic_name: M10260
exact_source: GO:0002504
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002504
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15531770, PMID:15771591, PMID:16153240]


systematic_name: M10485
exact_source: GO:0002507
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002507
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A process that directly activates any of the steps required for tolerance, a physiologic state in which the immune system does not react destructively against the components of an organism that harbors it or against antigens that are introduced to it. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M22263
exact_source: GO:0002517
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002517
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A process involving any mechanism for tolerance induction in T cells. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:16551263]


systematic_name: M3457
exact_source: GO:0002520
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002520
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system whose objective is to provide calibrated responses by an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat, over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process. [GOC:add, GOC:dph]


systematic_name: M803
exact_source: GO:0002521
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002521
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a leukocyte. A leukocyte is an achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue. [CL:0000738, GOC:add, PMID:16551264]


systematic_name: M16132
exact_source: GO:0002523
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002523
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body contributing to an inflammatory response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:14680625, PMID:14708592, PMID:7507411, PMID:8600538]


systematic_name: M22264
exact_source: GO:0002524
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002524
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  An inflammatory response to an exogenous environmental antigen or an endogenous antigen initiated by the adaptive immune system. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M6557
exact_source: GO:0002526
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002526
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Inflammation which comprises a rapid, short-lived, relatively uniform response to acute injury or antigenic challenge and is characterized by accumulations of fluid, plasma proteins, and granulocytic leukocytes. An acute inflammatory response occurs within a matter of minutes or hours, and either resolves within a few days or becomes a chronic inflammatory response. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M13063
exact_source: GO:0002532
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002532
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the inflammatory response following an inflammatory stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, GOC:dph, GOC:tb, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M22265
exact_source: GO:0002534
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002534
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The synthesis or release of a cytokine following a inflammatory stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M22266
exact_source: GO:0002536
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002536
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals, resulting in an increase in their intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M15140
exact_source: GO:0002544
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002544
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Inflammation of prolonged duration (weeks or months) in which active inflammation, tissue destruction, and attempts at repair are proceeding simultaneously. Although it may follow acute inflammation, chronic inflammation frequently begins insidiously, as a low-grade, smoldering, often asymptomatic response. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M15503
exact_source: GO:0002548
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002548
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The movement of a monocyte in response to an external stimulus. [GOC:add, PMID:11696603, PMID:15173832]


systematic_name: M45054
exact_source: GO:0002551
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002551
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The movement of a mast cell in response to an external stimulus. [GOC:add, PMID:11292027, PMID:12789214, PMID:16448392]


systematic_name: M15163
exact_source: GO:0002566
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002566
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which immune receptor genes are diversified through somatic mutation. [ISBN:0781735149, PMID:16102575]


systematic_name: M11427
exact_source: GO:0002573
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002573
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte lineage. [GOC:add, PMID:16551251]


systematic_name: M15876
exact_source: GO:0002576
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002576
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as histamine and serotonin by a platelet. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M12648
exact_source: GO:0002577
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002577
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M22269
exact_source: GO:0002578
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002578
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M13310
exact_source: GO:0002579
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002579
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M22270
exact_source: GO:0002580
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002580
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M10719
exact_source: GO:0002583
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002583
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M40330
exact_source: GO:0002604
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002604
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M22271
exact_source: GO:0002606
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002606
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M22273
exact_source: GO:0002638
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002638
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M13791
exact_source: GO:0002639
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002639
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M22274
exact_source: GO:0002645
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002645
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M22275
exact_source: GO:0002666
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002666
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M11994
exact_source: GO:0002673
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002673
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M11491
exact_source: GO:0002674
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002674
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M11700
exact_source: GO:0002675
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002675
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M13843
exact_source: GO:0002676
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002676
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M22276
exact_source: GO:0002679
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002679
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as part of a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12789499]


systematic_name: M3748
exact_source: GO:0002683
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002683
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M4046
exact_source: GO:0002684
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002684
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M12721
exact_source: GO:0002686
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002686
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M12651
exact_source: GO:0002687
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002687
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M15323
exact_source: GO:0002689
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002689
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M16142
exact_source: GO:0002690
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002690
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M22277
exact_source: GO:0002692
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002692
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cellular extravasation. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M10997
exact_source: GO:0002693
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002693
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cellular extravasation. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M16089
exact_source: GO:0002698
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002698
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M14875
exact_source: GO:0002699
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002699
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M16947
exact_source: GO:0002700
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002700
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M10849
exact_source: GO:0002701
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002701
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M14743
exact_source: GO:0002702
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002702
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M10874
exact_source: GO:0002704
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002704
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M16943
exact_source: GO:0002705
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002705
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M13637
exact_source: GO:0002706
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002706
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M14417
exact_source: GO:0002707
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002707
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M14715
exact_source: GO:0002710
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002710
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M15686
exact_source: GO:0002711
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002711
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M22278
exact_source: GO:0002713
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002713
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M11570
exact_source: GO:0002714
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002714
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M15915
exact_source: GO:0002715
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002715
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M11357
exact_source: GO:0002716
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002716
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M16164
exact_source: GO:0002717
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002717
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M11083
exact_source: GO:0002719
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002719
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production contributing to an immune response. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M10842
exact_source: GO:0002720
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002720
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production that contributes to an immune response. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M22279
exact_source: GO:0002725
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002725
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M13565
exact_source: GO:0002726
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002726
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M22280
exact_source: GO:0002732
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002732
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M45055
exact_source: GO:0002752
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002752
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a cell surface pattern recognition receptor (PRR). PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species. [GOC:add, GOC:ar, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15199967]


systematic_name: M15016
exact_source: GO:0002753
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002753
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand from another organism to a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR). PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species. [GOC:add, GOC:ar, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15199967, PMID:17328678, PMID:18272355, PMID:19531363, PMID:21187438]


systematic_name: M11500
exact_source: GO:0002755
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002755
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A toll-like receptor signaling pathway in which the MyD88 adaptor molecule mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12467241, PMID:12524386, PMID:12855817, PMID:15585605, PMID:15728447]


systematic_name: M15121
exact_source: GO:0002756
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002756
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A toll-like receptor signaling pathway not relying on the MyD88 adaptor molecule. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12467241, PMID:12524386, PMID:12855817, PMID:15585605, PMID:15728447]


systematic_name: M22283
exact_source: GO:0002759
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002759
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an antimicrobial humoral response. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M40331
exact_source: GO:0002760
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002760
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an antimicrobial humoral response. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M15189
exact_source: GO:0002761
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002761
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M13329
exact_source: GO:0002762
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002762
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M16705
exact_source: GO:0002763
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002763
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M22284
exact_source: GO:0002764
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002764
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to the activation, perpetuation, or inhibition of an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15771571]


systematic_name: M22285
exact_source: GO:0002765
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002765
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to inhibition of an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M22286
exact_source: GO:0002767
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002767
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell capable of inhibiting an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15771571]


systematic_name: M42607
exact_source: GO:0002768
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002768
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell capable of activating, perpetuating, or inhibiting an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15771571]


systematic_name: M42608
exact_source: GO:0002774
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002774
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the binding of the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin by an Fc receptor capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


systematic_name: M22287
exact_source: GO:0002775
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002775
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The synthesis or release of an antimicrobial peptide during an immune response, resulting in an increase in intracellular or extracellular levels. Such peptides may have protective properties against bacteria, fungi, viruses, or protozoa. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:11807545, PMID:15638771]


systematic_name: M40332
exact_source: GO:0002778
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002778
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The synthesis or release of an antibacterial peptide during an immune response, resulting in an increase in intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:11807545, PMID:15638771]


systematic_name: M45056
exact_source: GO:0002784
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002784
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide production. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M45057
exact_source: GO:0002786
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002786
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide production. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M11194
exact_source: GO:0002792
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002792
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M15157
exact_source: GO:0002793
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002793
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M42609
exact_source: GO:0002803
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002803
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide production. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M10422
exact_source: GO:0002820
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002820
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M10368
exact_source: GO:0002821
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002821
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M15803
exact_source: GO:0002825
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002825
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M22288
exact_source: GO:0002826
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002826
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M12978
exact_source: GO:0002827
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002827
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M12199
exact_source: GO:0002829
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002829
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M12590
exact_source: GO:0002830
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002830
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M14774
exact_source: GO:0002831
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002831
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M12015
exact_source: GO:0002832
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002832
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M14494
exact_source: GO:0002833
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002833
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M45810
exact_source: GO:0002835
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002835
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to tumor cell. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M13866
exact_source: GO:0002836
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002836
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to tumor cell. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M34054
exact_source: GO:0002840
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002840
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M48365
exact_source: GO:0002841
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002841
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M42610
exact_source: GO:0002842
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002842
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M42611
exact_source: GO:0002855
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002855
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immune response to a tumor cell. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M22289
exact_source: GO:0002857
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002857
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immune response to a tumor cell. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M10361
exact_source: GO:0002861
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002861
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M22290
exact_source: GO:0002862
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002862
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M22291
exact_source: GO:0002863
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002863
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M22292
exact_source: GO:0002864
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002864
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M22293
exact_source: GO:0002865
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002865
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M22294
exact_source: GO:0002866
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002866
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M22295
exact_source: GO:0002885
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002885
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M22296
exact_source: GO:0002886
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002886
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M22297
exact_source: GO:0002887
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002887
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M16316
exact_source: GO:0002888
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002888
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M13701
exact_source: GO:0002902
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002902
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process. [GOC:add, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]


systematic_name: M16499
exact_source: GO:0002903
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002903
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process. [GOC:add, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]


systematic_name: M42612
exact_source: GO:0002913
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002913
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte anergy. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M13912
exact_source: GO:0002921
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002921
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M15300
exact_source: GO:0002922
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002922
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M22298
exact_source: GO:0002923
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002923
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M22299
exact_source: GO:0002924
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002924
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M22300
exact_source: GO:0002925
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002925
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin. [GOC:add]


systematic_name: M12936
exact_source: GO:0002931
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002931
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a inadequate blood supply. [GOC:hjd]


systematic_name: M22301
exact_source: GO:0002933
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002933
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The covalent attachment of a hydroxyl group to one or more fatty acids in a lipid. [GOC:hjd, PMID:15658937]


systematic_name: M22302
exact_source: GO:0002934
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002934
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a desmosome. A desmosome is a patch-like intercellular junction found in vertebrate tissues, consisting of parallel zones of two cell membranes, separated by an space of 25-35 nm, and having dense fibrillar plaques in the subjacent cytoplasm. [GOC:hjd]


systematic_name: M45058
exact_source: GO:0002941
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002941
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The multiplication or reproduction of type B synoviocytes by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A type B synoviocyte is a fibroblast-like cell found in synovial tissues. [PMID:10770586, PMID:9546370]


systematic_name: M45059
exact_source: GO:0002949
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002949
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The attachment of a carbonyl group and a threonine to the amino group of the adenine residue immediately 3' of the anticodon, in tRNAs that decode ANN codons (where N is any base). [GOC:imk, GOC:mah, PMID:19287007, PMID:21183954, PMID:23258706]


systematic_name: M14904
exact_source: GO:0003006
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003006
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A developmental process in which a progressive change in the state of some part of an organism, germline or somatic, specifically contributes to its ability to form offspring. [GOC:dph, GOC:isa_complete]


systematic_name: M12997
exact_source: GO:0003007
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003007
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The developmental process in which the heart is generated and organized. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. [GOC:dph, GOC:isa_complete]


systematic_name: M11647
exact_source: GO:0003009
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003009
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A process in which force is generated within skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the skeletal muscle, the muscle contraction takes advantage of an ordered sarcomeric structure and in most cases it is under voluntary control. [GOC:mtg_cardio, GOC:mtg_muscle]


systematic_name: M22303
exact_source: GO:0003010
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003010
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A process in which force is generated within voluntary skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the voluntary skeletal muscle, the muscle contraction takes advantage of an ordered sarcomeric structure and it is under voluntary control. Voluntary skeletal muscle is skeletal muscle that is under conscious control. [GOC:mtg_cardio, GOC:mtg_muscle]


systematic_name: M14930
exact_source: GO:0003012
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003012
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A organ system process carried out at the level of a muscle. Muscle tissue is composed of contractile cells or fibers. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


systematic_name: M10531
exact_source: GO:0003013
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003013
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the circulatory system. The circulatory system is an organ system that moves extracellular fluids to and from tissue within a multicellular organism. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


systematic_name: M16787
exact_source: GO:0003014
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003014
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the renal system. The renal system maintains fluid balance, and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products. In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels; in other species, the renal system may comprise related structures (e.g., nephrocytes and malpighian tubules in Drosophila). [GOC:cjm, GOC:mtg_cardio, GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]


systematic_name: M14929
exact_source: GO:0003015
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003015
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A circulatory system process carried out by the heart. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


systematic_name: M11273
exact_source: GO:0003016
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003016
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A process carried out by the organs or tissues of the respiratory system. The respiratory system is an organ system responsible for respiratory gaseous exchange. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_cardio, GOC:tb]


systematic_name: M16735
exact_source: GO:0003044
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003044
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The regulation of blood pressure mediated by biochemical signaling: hormonal, autocrine or paracrine. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


systematic_name: M22304
exact_source: GO:0003056
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003056
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle contraction. [GOC:mtg_cardio, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:rl]


systematic_name: M22305
exact_source: GO:0003057
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003057
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The regulation of the force of heart muscle contraction mediated by chemical signaling, hormonal, autocrine or paracrine. [GOC:mtg_cardio, GOC:rl]


systematic_name: M22306
exact_source: GO:0003062
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003062
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The regulation of the rate of heart contraction mediated by chemical signaling, hormonal, autocrine or paracrine. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_cardio, GOC:rl, GOC:tb]


systematic_name: M16494
exact_source: GO:0003071
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003071
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Renal process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_cardio, GOC:tb]


systematic_name: M42613
exact_source: GO:0003072
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003072
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The renal process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system, by impeding blood flow through the peripheral vasculature. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


systematic_name: M11135
exact_source: GO:0003073
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003073
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


systematic_name: M15490
exact_source: GO:0003081
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003081
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which renin-angiotensin modulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


systematic_name: M22308
exact_source: GO:0003084
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003084
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process that increases the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


systematic_name: M12626
exact_source: GO:0003085
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003085
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process that reduces the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


systematic_name: M13320
exact_source: GO:0003091
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003091
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Renal process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water in the body. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


systematic_name: M11935
exact_source: GO:0003093
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003093
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular filtration. Glomerular filtration is the process in which blood is filtered by the glomerulus into the renal tubule. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


systematic_name: M22311
exact_source: GO:0003100
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003100
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which endothelin modulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. Endothelin is a hormone that is released by the endothelium, and it is a vasoconstrictor. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


systematic_name: M22312
exact_source: GO:0003128
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003128
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process that results in the delineation of a specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area in which the heart will develop. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M22314
exact_source: GO:0003139
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003139
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process that results in the delineation of a specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area which will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, arterial pole (outflow tract) and venous pole (inflow tract). [GOC:mtg_heart, GOC:rl, PMID:17276708]


systematic_name: M22315
exact_source: GO:0003140
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003140
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The establishment of the lateral mesoderm with respect to the left and right halves. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M34055
exact_source: GO:0003143
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003143
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which the anatomical structures of the embryonic heart tube are generated and organized. The embryonic heart tube is an epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M10461
exact_source: GO:0003148
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003148
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract septum are generated and organized. The outflow tract septum is a partition in the outflow tract. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M22316
exact_source: GO:0003149
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003149
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which the membranous septum is generated and organized. The membranous septum is the upper part of ventricular septum. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M42614
exact_source: GO:0003150
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003150
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which the muscular septum is generated and organized. The muscular septum is the lower part of the ventricular septum. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M15408
exact_source: GO:0003151
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003151
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract are generated and organized. The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries. [GOC:mtg_heart, UBERON:0004145]


systematic_name: M22318
exact_source: GO:0003156
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003156
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of animal organ formation. Organ formation is the process pertaining to the initial formation of an organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_heart, GOC:tb]


systematic_name: M11703
exact_source: GO:0003157
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003157
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocardium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M13427
exact_source: GO:0003158
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003158
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an endothelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M12089
exact_source: GO:0003159
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003159
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which the anatomical structure of an endothelium is generated and organized. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M22319
exact_source: GO:0003160
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003160
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which the anatomical structure of the endocardium is generated and organized. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M11933
exact_source: GO:0003161
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003161
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac conduction system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiac conduction system consists of specialized cardiomyocytes that regulate the frequency of heart beat. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M42615
exact_source: GO:0003162
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003162
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the atrioventricular (AV) node over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The AV node is part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of ventricle contraction by receiving electrical signals from the sinoatrial (SA) node and relaying them to the His-Purkinje system. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M40336
exact_source: GO:0003163
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003163
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sinoatrial (SA) node over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The SA node is part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of heart muscle contraction. It relays electrical signals to the AV node. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M42616
exact_source: GO:0003164
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003164
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the His-Purkinje system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The His-Purkinje system receives signals from the AV node and is composed of the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M14639
exact_source: GO:0003170
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003170
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The progression of a heart valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A heart valve is a structure that restricts the flow of blood to different regions of the heart and forms from an endocardial cushion. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M15790
exact_source: GO:0003171
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003171
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The progression of the atrioventricular valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M22321
exact_source: GO:0003174
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003174
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The progression of the mitral valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M22322
exact_source: GO:0003175
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003175
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The progression of the tricuspid valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M22324
exact_source: GO:0003177
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003177
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The progression of the pulmonary valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M22325
exact_source: GO:0003184
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003184
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which the structure of the pulmonary valve is generated and organized. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M13323
exact_source: GO:0003188
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003188
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a heart valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M22327
exact_source: GO:0003190
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003190
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the atrioventricular valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M10798
exact_source: GO:0003197
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003197
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The progression of a cardiac cushion over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M15098
exact_source: GO:0003198
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003198
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A transition where a cardiac epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell that will contribute to the formation of the endocardial cushion. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M11666
exact_source: GO:0003203
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003203
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which the anatomical structure of the endocardial cushion is generated and organized. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M10039
exact_source: GO:0003205
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003205
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The progression of a cardiac chamber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M10631
exact_source: GO:0003206
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003206
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which a cardiac chamber is generated and organized. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M15525
exact_source: GO:0003207
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003207
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac chamber from unspecified parts. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M13090
exact_source: GO:0003208
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003208
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which the cardiac ventricle is generated and organized. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M34056
exact_source: GO:0003209
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003209
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which the cardiac atrium is generated and organized. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M22328
exact_source: GO:0003211
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003211
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M15939
exact_source: GO:0003222
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003222
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which the anatomical structures of the trabecular cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M22329
exact_source: GO:0003223
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003223
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which the anatomical structures of the compact cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M22330
exact_source: GO:0003228
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003228
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle of the atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M12538
exact_source: GO:0003229
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003229
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process whose specific outcome is the progression of ventricular cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M12332
exact_source: GO:0003230
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003230
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M13718
exact_source: GO:0003231
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003231
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac ventricle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M22332
exact_source: GO:0003253
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003253
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The orderly movement of a neural crest cell from one site to another that will contribute to the morphogenesis of the outflow tract. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M11448
exact_source: GO:0003254
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003254
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of membrane depolarization. Membrane depolarization is the process in which membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the resting potential, usually from negative to positive. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


systematic_name: M22334
exact_source: GO:0003263
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003263
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The multiplication or reproduction of cardioblasts, resulting in the expansion of the population in the heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M22335
exact_source: GO:0003266
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003266
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the second heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. The secondary heart field is the region of the heart that will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, the arterial pole (outflow tract) and the venous pole (inflow tract). [GOC:mtg_heart, GOC:rl, PMID:17276708]


systematic_name: M11945
exact_source: GO:0003272
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003272
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves. [GOC:mtg_heart, PMID:15797462]


systematic_name: M45060
exact_source: GO:0003274
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003274
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The cell-cell adhesion process of mesenchymal cardiac cushion cells that contributes to the process of cushion shaping. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M22336
exact_source: GO:0003278
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003278
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the heart. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M10373
exact_source: GO:0003279
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003279
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The progression of a cardiac septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M14093
exact_source: GO:0003281
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003281
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The progression of the ventricular septum over time from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M12355
exact_source: GO:0003283
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003283
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The progression of the atrial septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M22337
exact_source: GO:0003284
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003284
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The progression of the septum primum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M46721
exact_source: GO:0003292
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003292
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which an endocardial cushion cell becomes a cell of a cardiac septum. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M22339
exact_source: GO:0003299
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003299
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of a muscle organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of its muscle cells as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis. [GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M22340
exact_source: GO:0003301
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003301
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size of cardiac muscle cells without cell division. This process contributes to the developmental growth of the heart. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11, GOC:mtg_heart]


systematic_name: M45061
exact_source: GO:0003309
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003309
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of a type B pancreatic cell. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin. [CL:0000169, GOC:dph, PMID:11076772]


systematic_name: M22343
exact_source: GO:0003310
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003310
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features of a pancreatic A cell. A pancreatic A cell is a cell in the pancreas that secretes glucagon. [GOC:dph, PMID:11076772]


systematic_name: M11045
exact_source: GO:0003323
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003323
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a type B pancreatic cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin. [CL:0000169, GOC:dph]


systematic_name: M22345
exact_source: GO:0003330
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003330
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the controlled release of molecules that form the extracellular matrix, including carbohydrates and glycoproteins by a cell or a group of cells. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


systematic_name: M22346
exact_source: GO:0003334
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003334
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a keratinocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:dph]


systematic_name: M22347
exact_source: GO:0003337
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003337
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros. [GOC:dph, GOC:yaf]


systematic_name: M16739
exact_source: GO:0003338
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003338
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephros are generated and organized. [GOC:dph, GOC:yaf]


systematic_name: M22348
exact_source: GO:0003339
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003339
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros. [GOC:dph]


systematic_name: M22349
exact_source: GO:0003344
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003344
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which the anatomical structure of the pericardium is generated and organized. [GOC:dph, PMID:18722343]


systematic_name: M15153
exact_source: GO:0003352
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003352
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium. [GOC:dph]


systematic_name: M34057
exact_source: GO:0003353
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003353
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium. [GOC:dph]


systematic_name: M22350
exact_source: GO:0003356
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003356
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium. [GOC:dph]


systematic_name: M22351
exact_source: GO:0003357
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003357
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an noradrenergic neuron, a neuron that secretes noradrenaline. [GOC:dph]


systematic_name: M42619
exact_source: GO:0003358
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003358
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a noradrenergic neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. [GOC:dph]


systematic_name: M22352
exact_source: GO:0003360
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003360
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The progression of the brainstem from its formation to the mature structure. The brainstem is the part of the brain that connects the brain with the spinal cord. [GOC:dph]


systematic_name: M45062
exact_source: GO:0003376
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003376
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by sphingosine-1-phosphate binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:signaling, PMID:14592418, PMID:22001186, Reactome:R-HSA-419428]


systematic_name: M15117
exact_source: GO:0003382
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003382
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The change in form that occurs when an epithelial cell progresses from its initial formation to its mature state. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


systematic_name: M48366
exact_source: GO:0003400
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003400
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the addition of COPII proteins and adaptor proteins to ER membranes during the formation of transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:jp, GOC:tb]


systematic_name: M16254
exact_source: GO:0003401
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003401
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The developmental growth that results in the elongation of a line that defines polarity or symmetry in an anatomical structure. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


systematic_name: M22355
exact_source: GO:0003402
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003402
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity that contributes to axis elongation. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


systematic_name: M34059
exact_source: GO:0003406
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003406
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The progression of the retinal pigment epithelium over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The retinal pigment epithelium is the melanin-containing layer of cells between the retina and the choroid that absorbs scattered and reflected light and removes waste products produced by the photoreceptor cells. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


systematic_name: M11465
exact_source: GO:0003407
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003407
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


systematic_name: M22356
exact_source: GO:0003413
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003413
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the development of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


systematic_name: M34060
exact_source: GO:0003415
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003415
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The growth of a chondrocyte, where growth contributes to the progression of the chondrocyte over time. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


systematic_name: M15986
exact_source: GO:0003417
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003417
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones as they elongate or grow. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


systematic_name: M22357
exact_source: GO:0003418
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003418
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the growth of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


systematic_name: M34061
exact_source: GO:0003431
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003431
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The progression of a growth plate cartilage chondrocyte over time from after its fate commitment to the mature cell. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


systematic_name: M22359
exact_source: GO:0003433
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003433
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The progression of a chondrocyte over time from after its commitment to its mature state where the chondrocyte will contribute to the shaping of an endochondral bone. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


systematic_name: M16957
exact_source: GO:0005513
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005513
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The series of events in which a calcium ion stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:pg]


systematic_name: M13504
exact_source: GO:0005975
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005975
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]


systematic_name: M2986
exact_source: GO:0005976
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005976
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. [ISBN:0198547684]


systematic_name: M46722
exact_source: GO:0005979
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005979
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen. [GOC:go_curators]


systematic_name: M22361
exact_source: GO:0005981
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005981
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen. [GOC:go_curators]


systematic_name: M22362
exact_source: GO:0005984
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005984
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The chemical reactions and pathways involving any disaccharide, sugars composed of two monosaccharide units. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0192800981]


systematic_name: M15452
exact_source: GO:0005996
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005996
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The chemical reactions and pathways involving monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates. They are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides. [ISBN:0198506732]


systematic_name: M16959
exact_source: GO:0006000
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006000
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey. [ISBN:0198506732]


systematic_name: M22364
exact_source: GO:0006002
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006002
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 6-phosphate, also known as F6P. The D-enantiomer is an important intermediate in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and fructose metabolism. [ISBN:0198506732]


systematic_name: M22365
exact_source: GO:0006003
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006003
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. The D enantiomer is an important regulator of the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. It inhibits fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and activates phosphofructokinase. [ISBN:0198506732]


systematic_name: M14604
exact_source: GO:0006004
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006004
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The chemical reactions and pathways involving fucose, or 6-deoxygalactose, which has two enantiomers, D-fucose and L-fucose. [ISBN:0198506732]


systematic_name: M13870
exact_source: GO:0006006
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006006
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. [ISBN:0198506732]


systematic_name: M15777
exact_source: GO:0006007
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006007
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. [GOC:ai]


systematic_name: M29023
exact_source: GO:0006011
external_details_URL: http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006011
source_species_code: HS
contributor: Gene Ontology
contrib_organization: Gene Ontology Consortium
description_brief:
  The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-glucose, uridinediphosphoglucose, a substance composed of glucose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate. [GOC:ai]


