# go

id: GO:0005786
name: signal recognition particle, endoplasmic reticulum targeting
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A ribonucleoprotein particle of 325 kDa composed of a 7S (300 nucleotide) RNA molecule and a complex of six different polypeptides. This binds both to the N-terminal signal peptide for proteins destined for the endoplasmic reticulum as they emerge from the large ribosomal subunit and also to the ribosome. This binding arrests further translation thereby preventing the proteins from being released into the cytosol. The SRP-ribosome complex then diffuses to the endoplasmic reticulum where it is bound to the signal recognition particle receptor, which allows resumption of protein synthesis and facilitates the passage of the growing polypeptide chain through the translocon. Through a process involving GTP hydrolysis, the SRP-SRP receptor complex dissociates and SRP returns to the cytosol. Of the six polypeptides of SRP the 54 kDa subunit (SRP54) is the central player. It contains an N-terminal GTPase domain and a C-terminal domain that binds directly to the signal peptide and the SRP RNA. Examples of this component are found in Mus musculus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Arabidopsis thaliana." [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0005787
name: signal peptidase complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A protein complex that is located in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and cleaves the signal sequence from precursor proteins following their transport out of the cytoplasmic space." [GOC:sgd_curators, PMID:1846444, PMID:7615509]


id: GO:0005790
name: smooth endoplasmic reticulum
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER or SER) has no ribosomes attached to it. The smooth ER is the recipient of the proteins synthesized in the rough ER. Those proteins to be exported are passed to the Golgi complex, the resident proteins are returned to the rough ER and the lysosomal proteins after phosphorylation of their mannose residues are passed to the lysosomes. Glycosylation of the glycoproteins also continues. The smooth ER is the site of synthesis of lipids, including the phospholipids. The membranes of the smooth ER also contain enzymes that catalyze a series of reactions to detoxify both lipid-soluble drugs and harmful products of metabolism. Large quantities of certain compounds such as phenobarbital cause an increase in the amount of the smooth ER." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0005791
name: rough endoplasmic reticulum
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "The rough (or granular) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has ribosomes adhering to the outer surface; the ribosomes are the site of translation of the mRNA for those proteins which are either to be retained within the cisternae (ER-resident proteins), the proteins of the lysosomes, or the proteins destined for export from the cell. Glycoproteins undergo their initial glycosylation within the cisternae." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0005792
name: obsolete microsome
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "OBSOLETE: Any of the small, heterogeneous, artifactual, vesicular particles, 50-150 nm in diameter, that are formed when some eukaryotic cells are homogenized and that sediment on centrifugation at 100000 g." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0005793
name: endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A complex system of membrane-bounded compartments located between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex, with a distinctive membrane protein composition; involved in ER-to-Golgi  and Golgi-to-ER transport." [GOC:pr, PMID:16723730]


id: GO:0005794
name: Golgi apparatus
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0005795
name: Golgi stack
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "The set of thin, flattened membrane-bounded compartments, called cisternae, that form the central portion of the Golgi complex. The stack usually comprises cis, medial, and trans cisternae; the cis- and trans-Golgi networks are not considered part of the stack." [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0005796
name: Golgi lumen
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "The volume enclosed by the membranes of any cisterna or subcompartment of the Golgi apparatus, including the cis- and trans-Golgi networks." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0005798
name: Golgi-associated vesicle
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "Any vesicle associated with the Golgi complex and involved in mediating transport within the Golgi or between the Golgi and other parts of the cell." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0005801
name: cis-Golgi network
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located at the convex side of the Golgi apparatus, which abuts the endoplasmic reticulum." [ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0005802
name: trans-Golgi network
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located within the Golgi apparatus on the side distal to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which secretory vesicles emerge. The trans-Golgi network is important in the later stages of protein secretion where it is thought to play a key role in the sorting and targeting of secreted proteins to the correct destination." [GOC:vw, ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0005803
name: obsolete secretory vesicle
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "OBSOLETE. A small subcellular vesicle, or granule, surrounded by a single-layered membrane; formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion." [ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0005811
name: lipid particle
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "An intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle comprising a matrix of coalesced lipids surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer. May include associated proteins." [GOC:mah, GOC:tb]


id: GO:0005813
name: centrosome
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle." [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0005814
name: centriole
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A cellular organelle, found close to the nucleus in many eukaryotic cells, consisting of a small cylinder with microtubular walls, 300-500 nm long and 150-250 nm in diameter. It contains nine short, parallel, peripheral microtubular fibrils, each fibril consisting of one complete microtubule fused to two incomplete microtubules. Cells usually have two centrioles, lying at right angles to each other. At division, each pair of centrioles generates another pair and the twin pairs form the pole of the mitotic spindle." [ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0005815
name: microtubule organizing center
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "An intracellular structure that can catalyze gamma-tubulin-dependent microtubule nucleation and that can anchor microtubules by interacting with their minus ends, plus ends or sides." [GOC:vw, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule_organizing_center, ISBN:0815316194, PMID:17072892, PMID:17245416]


id: GO:0005816
name: spindle pole body
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "The microtubule organizing center in fungi; functionally homologous to the animal cell centrosome." [ISBN:0879693568]


id: GO:0005818
name: aster
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "An array of microtubules emanating from a spindle pole MTOC that do not connect to kinetochores." [GOC:clt]


id: GO:0005819
name: spindle
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "The array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart." [ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0005822
name: inner plaque of spindle pole body
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "One of three laminate structures that form the spindle pole body; the inner plaque is in the nucleus." [ISBN:0879693568]


id: GO:0005823
name: central plaque of spindle pole body
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "One of three laminate structures that form the spindle pole body; the central plaque is embedded in the nuclear envelope." [ISBN:0879693568]


id: GO:0005824
name: outer plaque of spindle pole body
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "One of three laminate structures that form the spindle pole body; the outer plaque is in the cytoplasm." [ISBN:0879693568]


id: GO:0005826
name: actomyosin contractile ring
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A cytoskeletal structure composed of actin filaments and myosin that forms beneath the plasma membrane of many cells, including animal cells and yeast cells, in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the spindle, i.e. the cell division plane. Ring contraction is associated with centripetal growth of the membrane that divides the cytoplasm of the two daughter cells. In animal cells, the contractile ring is located inside the plasma membrane at the location of the cleavage furrow. In budding fungal cells, e.g. mitotic S. cerevisiae cells, the contractile ring forms beneath the plasma membrane at the mother-bud neck before mitosis." [GOC:expert_jrp, GOC:sgd_curators, ISBN:0805319409, ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0005827
name: polar microtubule
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "Any of the spindle microtubules that come from each pole and overlap at the spindle midzone. This interdigitating structure consisting of antiparallel microtubules is responsible for pushing the poles of the spindle apart." [ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0005828
name: kinetochore microtubule
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "Any of the spindle microtubules that attach to the kinetochores of chromosomes by their plus ends, and maneuver the chromosomes during mitotic or meiotic chromosome segregation." [ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0005829
name: cytosol
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes." [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]


id: GO:0005831
name: steroid hormone aporeceptor complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A protein complex consisting of a steroid receptor associated with nonreceptor proteins, minimally a dimer of Hsp90 and a monomer of hsp56/FKBP59; forms in the absence of bound ligand." [PMID:7493981]


id: GO:0005832
name: chaperonin-containing T-complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A multisubunit ring-shaped complex that mediates protein folding in the cytosol without a cofactor." [GOC:sgd_curators, PMID:11580267]


id: GO:0005833
name: hemoglobin complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "An iron-containing, oxygen carrying complex. In vertebrates it is made up of two pairs of associated globin polypeptide chains, each chain carrying a noncovalently bound heme prosthetic group." [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0005834
name: heterotrimeric G-protein complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "Any of a family of heterotrimeric GTP-binding and hydrolyzing proteins; they belong to a superfamily of GTPases that includes monomeric proteins such as EF-Tu and RAS. Heterotrimeric G-proteins consist of three subunits; the alpha subunit contains the guanine nucleotide binding site and possesses GTPase activity; the beta and gamma subunits are tightly associated and function as a beta-gamma heterodimer; extrinsic plasma membrane proteins (cytoplasmic face) that function as a complex to transduce signals from G-protein coupled receptors to an effector protein." [ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0005835
name: fatty acid synthase complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A multienzyme complex that catalyses the synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl CoA." [GOC:pde, GOC:sgd_curators, ISBN:0716746840]


id: GO:0005837
name: obsolete 26S proteasome
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "OBSOLETE. A large multisubunit protease found in the cytosol that recognizes, unfolds, and digests protein substrates that have been marked for degradation by the attachment of a ubiquitin group. Individual subcomplexes of the complete 26S proteasome are involved in these different tasks: the ATP-dependent 19S caps are believed to unfold substrates and feed them to the actual protease, the 20S proteasome." [PMID:10410804]


id: GO:0005838
name: proteasome regulatory particle
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A multisubunit complex, which caps one or both ends of the proteasome core complex. This complex recognizes and unfolds ubiquitinated proteins, and translocates them to the proteasome core complex." [GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:rb]


id: GO:0005839
name: proteasome core complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A multisubunit barrel shaped endoprotease complex, which is the core of the proteasome complex." [GOC:rb, PMID:10806206]


id: GO:0005840
name: ribosome
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0005844
name: polysome
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A multiribosomal structure representing a linear array of ribosomes held together by messenger RNA. They represent the active complexes in cellular protein synthesis and are able to incorporate amino acids into polypeptides both in vivo and in vitro." [ISBN:0198506732, NIF_Subcellular:sao1038025871]


id: GO:0005846
name: nuclear cap binding complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A conserved heterodimeric protein complex that binds to the 5' terminal cap structure m7G(5')ppp(5')N of nascent eukaryotic RNA polymerase II transcripts such as pre-mRNA and U snRNA. The consists of proteins known as CBP20 and CBP80, binds to cap structures in the nucleus, and is involved in pre-mRNA splicing, 3'-end formation, and RNA nuclear export." [PMID:16043498]


id: GO:0005847
name: mRNA cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A multisubunit complex that binds to the canonical AAUAAA hexamer and to U-rich upstream sequence elements on the pre-mRNA, thereby stimulating the otherwise weakly active and nonspecific polymerase to elongate efficiently RNAs containing a poly(A) signal." [PMID:14749727]


id: GO:0005848
name: mRNA cleavage stimulating factor complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A protein complex required for mRNA cleavage but not for poly(A) addition." [GOC:mah, PMID:10357856]


id: GO:0005849
name: mRNA cleavage factor complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "Any macromolecular complex involved in cleavage or polyadenylation of mRNA molecules." [GOC:mah, PMID:10357856]


id: GO:0005850
name: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "Complex of three heterogeneous polypeptide chains, that form a ternary complex with initiator methionyl-tRNA and GTP. This ternary complex binds to free 40S subunit, which subsequently binds the 5' end of mRNA." [PMID:10216940]


id: GO:0005851
name: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A multisubunit guanine nucleotide exchange factor which catalyzes the exchange of GDP bound to initiation factor eIF2 for GTP, generating active eIF2-GTP. In humans, it is composed of five subunits, alpha, beta, delta, gamma and epsilon." [PMID:9438375]


id: GO:0005852
name: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A complex of several polypeptides that plays at least two important roles in protein synthesis: First, eIF3 binds to the 40S ribosome and facilitates loading of the Met-tRNA/eIF2.GTP ternary complex to form the 43S preinitiation complex. Subsequently, eIF3 apparently assists eIF4 in recruiting mRNAs to the 43S complex. The eIF3 complex contains five conserved core subunits, and may contain several additional proteins; the non-core subunits are thought to mediate association of the complex with specific sets of mRNAs." [PMID:15904532]


id: GO:0005853
name: eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A multisubunit nucleotide exchange complex that binds GTP and aminoacyl-tRNAs, and catalyzes their codon-dependent placement at the A-site of the ribosome. In humans, the complex is composed of four subunits, alpha, beta, delta and gamma." [GOC:jl, PMID:10216950]


id: GO:0005854
name: nascent polypeptide-associated complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A heterodimeric protein complex that can reversibly bind to ribosomes, and is located in direct proximity to newly synthesized polypeptide chains as they emerge from the ribosome." [PMID:12475173, PMID:7568149]


id: GO:0005856
name: cytoskeleton
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "Any of the various filamentous elements that form the internal framework of cells, and typically remain after treatment of the cells with mild detergent to remove membrane constituents and soluble components of the cytoplasm. The term embraces intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles." [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684, PMID:16959967]


id: GO:0005858
name: axonemal dynein complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A dynein complex found in eukaryotic cilia and flagella; the motor domain heads interact with adjacent microtubules to generate a sliding force which is converted to a bending motion." [GOC:cilia, GOC:hla, GOC:krc, ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0005861
name: troponin complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A complex of accessory proteins (typically troponin T, troponin I and troponin C) found associated with actin in muscle thin filaments; involved in calcium regulation of muscle contraction." [ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0005862
name: muscle thin filament tropomyosin
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A form of the tropomyosin dimer found associated with actin and the troponin complex in muscle thin filaments." [ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0005863
name: striated muscle myosin thick filament
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "Bipolar filaments formed of polymers of a muscle-specific myosin II isoform, found in the middle of sarcomeres in myofibrils." [GOC:mtg_muscle, ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0005865
name: striated muscle thin filament
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "Filaments formed of actin and associated proteins; attached to Z discs at either end of sarcomeres in myofibrils." [ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0005868
name: cytoplasmic dynein complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "Any dynein complex with a homodimeric dynein heavy chain core that catalyzes movement along a microtubule. Cytoplasmic dynein complexes participate in many cytoplasmic transport activities in eukaryotes, such as mRNA localization, intermediate filament transport, nuclear envelope breakdown, apoptosis, transport of centrosomal proteins, mitotic spindle assembly, virus transport, kinetochore functions, and movement of signaling and spindle checkpoint proteins. Some complexes participate in intraflagellar transport. Subunits associated with the dynein heavy chain mediate association between dynein heavy chain and cargoes, and may include light chains and light intermediate chains." [GOC:cilia, GOC:hla, GOC:krc, GOC:mah, PMID:12600311]


id: GO:0005869
name: dynactin complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A 20S multiprotein assembly of total mass about 1.2 MDa that activates dynein-based activity in vivo. A large structural component of the complex is an actin-like 40 nm filament composed of actin-related protein, to which other components attach." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0005870
name: actin capping protein of dynactin complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A heterodimer consisting of alpha and beta subunits that binds to and caps the barbed ends of actin filaments, nucleates the polymerization of actin monomers but does not sever actin filaments, and which is a part of the dynactin complex." [GOC:jl, PMID:18221362, PMID:18544499]


id: GO:0005871
name: kinesin complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily, a group of related proteins that contain an extended region of predicted alpha-helical coiled coil in the main chain that likely produces dimerization. The native complexes of several kinesin family members have also been shown to contain additional peptides, often designated light chains as all of the noncatalytic subunits that are currently known are smaller than the chain that contains the motor unit. Kinesin complexes generally possess a force-generating enzymatic activity, or motor, which converts the free energy of the gamma phosphate bond of ATP into mechanical work." [GOC:mah, http://www.proweb.org/kinesin//KinesinMotility.html, http://www.proweb.org/kinesin//KinesinStructure.html]


id: GO:0005872
name: minus-end kinesin complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily and any associated proteins, and moves towards the minus end of a microtubule." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0005873
name: plus-end kinesin complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily and any associated proteins, and moves towards the plus end of a microtubule." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0005874
name: microtubule
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle." [ISBN:0879693568]


id: GO:0005876
name: spindle microtubule
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "Any microtubule that is part of a mitotic or meiotic spindle; anchored at one spindle pole." [ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0005879
name: axonemal microtubule
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A microtubule in the axoneme of a eukaryotic cilium or flagellum; an axoneme contains nine modified doublet microtubules, which may or may not surround a pair of single microtubules." [GOC:cilia, ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0005882
name: intermediate filament
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A cytoskeletal structure that forms a distinct elongated structure, characteristically 10 nm in diameter, that occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments form a fibrous system, composed of chemically heterogeneous subunits and involved in mechanically integrating the various components of the cytoplasmic space. Intermediate filaments may be divided into five chemically distinct classes: Type I, acidic keratins; Type II, basic keratins; Type III, including desmin, vimentin and others; Type IV, neurofilaments and related filaments; and Type V, lamins." [http://www.cytochemistry.net/Cell-biology/intermediate_filaments.htm, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0005883
name: neurofilament
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A type of intermediate filament found in the core of neuronal axons. Neurofilaments are heteropolymers composed of three type IV polypeptides: NF-L, NF-M, and NF-H (for low, middle, and high molecular weight). Neurofilaments are responsible for the radial growth of an axon and determine axonal diameter." [ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0716731363, ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0005884
name: actin filament
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A filamentous structure formed of a two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin and associated proteins. Actin filaments are a major component of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle and the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. The filaments, comprising polymerized globular actin molecules, appear as flexible structures with a diameter of 5-9 nm. They are organized into a variety of linear bundles, two-dimensional networks, and three dimensional gels. In the cytoskeleton they are most highly concentrated in the cortex of the cell just beneath the plasma membrane." [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:10666339]


id: GO:0005885
name: Arp2/3 protein complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A stable protein complex that contains two actin-related proteins, Arp2 and Arp3, and five novel proteins (ARPC1-5), and functions in the nucleation of branched actin filaments." [GOC:jl, GOC:vw, PMID:12479800]


id: GO:0005886
name: plasma membrane
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins." [ISBN:0716731363]


id: GO:0005887
name: integral component of plasma membrane
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane." [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0005888
name: obsolete proteoglycan integral to plasma membrane
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "OBSOLETE. Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane and consisting of proteoglycan. Also refers to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0005889
name: hydrogen:potassium-exchanging ATPase complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A protein complex that possesses hydrogen:potassium-exchanging ATPase activity; characterized in animal cells, where it maintains ionic gradients of K+ at the expense of ATP hydrolysis; The complex contains two obligatory subunits, the catalytic alpha subunit and a glycosylated beta subunit; two additional subunits, gamma and channel-inducing factor (CHIF), may also be present." [PMID:11756431]


id: GO:0005890
name: sodium:potassium-exchanging ATPase complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "Sodium:potassium-exchanging ATPases are tetrameric proteins, consisting of two large alpha subunits and two smaller beta subunits. The alpha subunits bear the active site and penetrate the membrane, while the beta subunits carry oligosaccharide groups and face the cell exterior." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0005891
name: voltage-gated calcium channel complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which calcium ions may pass in response to changes in membrane potential." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0005892
name: acetylcholine-gated channel complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A homo- or hetero-pentameric protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which ions may pass in response to acetylcholine binding." [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:12381728, PMID:15579462]


id: GO:0005893
name: interleukin-2 receptor complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A protein complex that binds interleukin-2; comprises alpha, beta, and gamma subunits." [GOC:mah, PMID:3116143, PMID:8266078]


id: GO:0005894
name: interleukin-3 receptor complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A protein complex that binds interleukin-3; comprises an alpha and a beta subunit. The alpha chain is specific to the interleukin-3 receptor, whereas the beta chain is shared with the receptors for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-5." [PMID:11839579]


id: GO:0005895
name: interleukin-5 receptor complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A protein complex that binds interleukin-3; comprises an alpha and a beta subunit. The alpha chain is specific to the interleukin-5 receptor, whereas the beta chain is shared with the receptors for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3." [GOC:mah, PMID:11312115, PMID:11839579]


id: GO:0005896
name: interleukin-6 receptor complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A hexameric protein complex consisting of two molecules each of interleukin-6, interleukin-6 receptor alpha chain, and gp-130." [PMID:8083235]


id: GO:0005897
name: interleukin-9 receptor complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A protein complex that binds interleukin-9; comprises an alpha and a beta subunit. The alpha chain is specific to the interleukin-9 receptor, whereas the beta chain is shared with the receptors for several other interleukins." [GOC:mah, PMID:10642536]


id: GO:0005898
name: interleukin-13 receptor complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A protein complex that binds interleukin-13; consists of two chains, interleukin-13 receptor alpha1 chain and interleukin-4 receptor alpha chain." [PMID:8552669, PMID:9013879]


id: GO:0005899
name: insulin receptor complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A disulfide-bonded, heterotetrameric receptor complex. The alpha chains are entirely extracellular, while each beta chain has one transmembrane domain. The ligand binds to the alpha subunit extracellular domain and the kinase is associated with the beta subunit intracellular domain." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0005900
name: oncostatin-M receptor complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A heterodimeric receptor for the cytokine oncostatin-M (OSM). In humans the receptor complex is made up of the gene products gp130 and OSMR-beta." [GOC:jl, PMID:8999038]


id: GO:0005901
name: caveola
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A membrane raft that forms small pit, depression, or invagination that communicates with the outside of a cell and extends inward, indenting the cytoplasm and the cell membrane. Examples include flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane in adipocytes associated with caveolin proteins, and minute pits or incuppings of the cell membrane formed during pinocytosis.  Caveolae may be pinched off to form free vesicles within the cytoplasm." [GOC:mah, ISBN:0721662544, PMID:16645198]


id: GO:0005902
name: microvillus
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments. Present in especially large numbers on the absorptive surface of intestinal cells." [ISBN:0813516194]


id: GO:0005903
name: brush border
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "The dense covering of microvilli on the apical surface of a epithelial cells in tissues such as the intestine, kidney, and choroid plexus; the microvilli aid absorption by increasing the surface area of the cell." [GOC:sl, ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0005905
name: coated pit
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A part of the endomembrane system in the form of an invagination of a membrane upon which a clathrin coat forms, and that can be converted by vesicle budding into a clathrin-coated vesicle. Coated pits form on the plasma membrane, where they are involved in receptor-mediated selective transport of many proteins and other macromolecules across the cell membrane, in the trans-Golgi network, and on some endosomes." [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732, NIF_Subcellular:sao1969557946, PMID:10559856, PMID:17284835]


id: GO:0005911
name: cell-cell junction
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells in a multicellular organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic junctions such as ring canals." [GOC:dgh, GOC:hb, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0005912
name: adherens junction
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A cell junction at which anchoring proteins (cadherins or integrins) extend through the plasma membrane and are attached to actin filaments." [GOC:mah, http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/cmb/cells/pmemb/junctions_a.html, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0005914
name: spot adherens junction
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A small cell-cell adherens junction assembled during the cellularization stage of insect embyrogenesis; spot adherens junctions later fuse to form the zonula adherens." [PMID:11700298]


id: GO:0005915
name: zonula adherens
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A cell-cell adherens junction which forms a continuous belt near the apex of epithelial cells." [ISBN:0815316208]


id: GO:0005916
name: fascia adherens
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A cell-cell adherens junction that contains the transmembrane protein N-cadherin, which interacts with identical molecules from neighboring cells to form a tight mechanical intercellular link; forms a large portion of the intercalated disc, the structure at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes." [GOC:mtg_muscle, PMID:11732910]


id: GO:0005917
name: nephrocyte diaphragm
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A specialized cell-cell junction found between nephrocytes of the insect kidney, which is adapted for filtration of hemolymph. The insect nephrocyte is anatomically and functionally similar to the glomerular podocyte of vertebrates." [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10, GOC:sart, PMID:18971929]


id: GO:0005918
name: septate junction
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A cell-cell junction that forms a continuous band around each cell in an epithelium; within the septate junction the membranes of adjacent cells maintain a constant distance of approximately 15 nm; found in invertebrates." [ISBN:0815332181, PMID:11700298]


id: GO:0005919
name: pleated septate junction
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A septate junction in which regular arrays of electron-dense septae span the intermembrane space." [PMID:11700298]


id: GO:0005920
name: smooth septate junction
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A septate junction that lacks the regular arrays of electron-dense septae found in pleated septate junctions." [PMID:11700298]


id: GO:0005921
name: gap junction
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A cell-cell junction that is composed of an array of small channels that permit small molecules to pass from one cell to another. At gap junctions, the membranes of two adjacent cells are separated by a uniform narrow gap of about 2-4 nm that is spanned by channel-forming proteins called connexins, which form hexagonal tubes called connexons." [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_muscle, http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/cmb/cells/pmemb/junctions_g.html, ISBN:0815332181]


id: GO:0005922
name: connexon complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "An assembly of six molecules of connexin, made in the Golgi apparatus and subsequently transported to the plasma membrane, where docking of two connexons on apposed plasma membranes across the extracellular space forms a gap junction." [PMID:11146276]


id: GO:0005923
name: bicellular tight junction
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "An occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet; the outer leaflets of the two interacting plasma membranes are seen to be tightly apposed where sealing strands are present. Each sealing strand is composed of a long row of transmembrane adhesion proteins embedded in each of the two interacting plasma membranes." [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815332181]


id: GO:0005925
name: focal adhesion
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "Small region on the surface of a cell that anchors the cell to the extracellular matrix and that forms a point of termination of actin filaments." [ISBN:0124325653, ISBN:0815316208]


id: GO:0005926
name: connecting hemi-adherens junction
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A cell-substrate adherens junction, also known as a hemiadherens junction (HAJ) that forms one of a pair of junctions in opposing cells that are separated by only 30-40nm, with a thin line of extracellular electron-dense material in between; found where muscles attach to epidermal cells directly (in insects)." [http://flybase.bio.indiana.edu/allied-data/lk/interactive-fly/aignfam/junction.htm]


id: GO:0005927
name: muscle tendon junction
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A cell-substrate junction found at the terminal anchorage site of skeletal muscle cells to tendons." [GOC:mtg_muscle, PMID:12842007]


id: GO:0005928
name: apical hemi-adherens junction
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A cell-substrate adherens junction found in the apical region of a cell, such as those found in cuticle-secreting epithelia, which connect the apical membrane to the cuticle." [GOC:mah, PMID:11700298]


id: GO:0005929
name: cilium
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface and of some cytoplasmic parts. Each cilium is largely bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored to a basal body." [GOC:cilia, GOC:kmv, GOC:vw, ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0005930
name: axoneme
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements." [GOC:bf, GOC:cilia, ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0005931
name: nexin complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A protein complex found in the axoneme of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. It forms interconnections between the microtubule outer doublets that surround the inner central pair of microtubules." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0005933
name: cellular bud
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A protuberance from a cell of an organism that reproduces by budding, which will grow larger and become a separate daughter cell after nuclear division, cytokinesis, and cell wall formation (when appropriate). The daughter cell may completely separate from the mother cell, or the mother and daughter cells may remain associated." [GOC:sgd_curators]


id: GO:0005935
name: cellular bud neck
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "The constriction between the mother cell and daughter cell (bud) in an organism that reproduces by budding." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0005936
name: obsolete shmoo
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "OBSOLETE. The characteristic projection formed in response to mating pheromone by cells of Saccharomyces and other fungi with similar life cycles. Named after the Al Capp cartoon character, whose shape it resembles." [GOC:mah, GOC:mcc]


id: GO:0005938
name: cell cortex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins." [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0005940
name: septin ring
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A tight ring-shaped structure that forms in the division plane at the site of cytokinesis; composed of members of the conserved family of filament-forming proteins called septins as well as septin-associated proteins. This type of septin structure is observed at the bud neck of budding fungal cells, at the site of cell division in animal cells, at the junction between the mother cell and a pseudohyphal projection, and also within hyphae of filamentous fungi at sites where a septum will form." [GOC:krc, GOC:mah, PMID:16009555, PMID:16151244]


id: GO:0005941
name: obsolete unlocalized protein complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "OBSOLETE. Used as a holding place for cellular components whose precise localization is, as yet, unknown, or has not been determined by GO (the latter is the major reason for nodes to have this parent); this term should not be used for annotation of gene products." [GOC:ma]


id: GO:0005942
name: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A protein complex capable of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity and containing subunits of any phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) enzyme. These complexes are divided in three classes (called I, II and III) that differ for their presence across taxonomic groups and for the type of their constituents. Catalytic subunits of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase enzymes are present in all 3 classes; regulatory subunits of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase enzymes are present in classes I and III; adaptor proteins have been observed in class II complexes and may be present in other classes too." [GOC:bf, PMID:24587488]


id: GO:0005943
name: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class IA
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex that possesses 1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase activity; comprises a catalytic class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) subunit and an associated SH2 domain-containing regulatory subunit that is a member of a family of related proteins often called p85 proteins. Through the interaction with the SH2-containing adaptor subunits, Class IA PI3K catalytic subunits are linked to tyrosine kinase signaling pathways." [PMID:9255069, PMID:9759495]


id: GO:0005944
name: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class IB
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex that possesses 1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase activity; comprises a catalytic class IB phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) subunit and an associated regulatory subunit that is larger than, and unrelated to, the p85 proteins present in class IA complexes. Class IB PI3Ks are stimulated by G-proteins and do not interact with the SH2-domain containing adaptors that bind to Class IA PI3Ks." [PMID:9255069, PMID:9759495]


id: GO:0005945
name: 6-phosphofructokinase complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A protein complex that possesses 6-phosphofructokinase activity; homodimeric, homooctameric, and allosteric homotetrameric forms are known." [GOC:mah, GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0005946
name: alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase complex (UDP-forming)
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A protein complex that possesses alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (UDP-forming) and trehalose-phosphatase activities, and thus catalyzes two reactions in trehalose biosynthesis. In the complex identified in Saccharomyces, Tps1p has alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (UDP-forming) activity, Tps2p has trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase activity; Tps3p is a regulatory subunit, and an additional subunit, Tsl1p, may be present." [PMID:9837904]


id: GO:0005947
name: mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "Mitochondrial complex that possesses alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity." [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_sensu]


id: GO:0005948
name: acetolactate synthase complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A dimeric (a large and a small chain) or tetrameric (two large and two small chains) enzyme complex. Catalyzes the formation of acetolactate from pyruvate." [BRENDA:2.2.1.6, GOC:jl, PMID:16458324, PMID:8756689]


id: GO:0005949
name: obsolete aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "OBSOLETE. A heterodimeric enzyme composed of an alpha and beta subunit. Catalyzes the formation of L-2-aminoadipate from L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde." [EC:1.2.1.31]


id: GO:0005950
name: anthranilate synthase complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A heterotetrameric enzyme complex made up of two components I and two components II. Catalyzes the formation of anthranilate, pyruvate and L-glutamate from chorismate and L-glutamine." [EC:4.1.3.27, MetaCyc:ANTHRANSYN-CPLX, PMID:4886290]


id: GO:0005951
name: carbamoyl-phosphate synthase complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A protein complex that catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate; comprises a small subunit that binds and cleaves glutamine, and a large subunit that accepts the ammonia group cleaved from glutamine, binds all of the remaining substrates and effectors, and carries out all of the other catalytic events." [PMID:8626695]


id: GO:0005952
name: cAMP-dependent protein kinase complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "An enzyme complex, composed of regulatory and catalytic subunits, that catalyzes protein phosphorylation. Inactive forms of the enzyme have two regulatory chains and two catalytic chains; activation by cAMP produces two active catalytic monomers and a regulatory dimer." [EC:2.7.11.11, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0005953
name: CAAX-protein geranylgeranyltransferase complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A heterodimeric enzyme, composed of an alpha and a beta subunit. Participates in the post-translational C-terminal modification of several small GTPases, allowing their targeting to the membrane." [PMID:9781874]


id: GO:0005954
name: calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "An enzyme complex which in eukaryotes is composed of four different chains: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. The different isoforms assemble into homo- or heteromultimeric holoenzymes composed of 8 to 12 subunits. Catalyzes the phosphorylation of proteins to O-phosphoproteins." [EC:2.7.11.17]


id: GO:0005955
name: calcineurin complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A heterodimeric calcium ion and calmodulin dependent protein phosphatase composed of catalytic and regulatory subunits; the regulatory subunit is very similar in sequence to calmodulin." [ISBN:019859951]


id: GO:0005956
name: protein kinase CK2 complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A protein complex that possesses protein serine/threonine kinase activity, and contains two catalytic alpha subunits and two regulatory beta subunits. Protein kinase CK2 complexes are found in nearly every subcellular compartment, and can phosphorylate many protein substrates in addition to casein." [GOC:mah, PMID:10994779]


id: GO:0005958
name: DNA-dependent protein kinase-DNA ligase 4 complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A large protein complex which is involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks and, in mammals, V(D)J recombination events. It consists of the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), the DNA end-binding heterodimer Ku, the nuclear phosphoprotein XRCC4 or a homolog thereof, and DNA ligase IV." [GOC:jl, GOC:mah, PMID:10854421, PMID:12235392, PMID:17072889]


id: GO:0005960
name: glycine cleavage complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A protein complex that catalyzes the reversible oxidation of glycine. In E. coli, it has four components: dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating), lipoyl-GcvH-protein and aminomethyltransferase, also known as L, P, H, and T." [GOC:mah, MetaCyc:GCVMULTI-CPLX]


id: GO:0005962
name: mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase complex (NAD+)
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "Mitochondrial complex that possesses isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity." [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_sensu]


id: GO:0005963
name: magnesium-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "An enzyme complex that catalyzes the removal of serine- or threonine-bound phosphate groups from a wide range of phosphoproteins, including a number of enzymes that have been phosphorylated under the action of a kinase." [EC:3.1.3.16]


id: GO:0005964
name: phosphorylase kinase complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "An enzyme complex that catalyzes the phosphorylation of phosphorylase b to form phosphorylase a." [EC:2.7.11.19]


id: GO:0005967
name: mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "Complex that carries out the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA in eukaryotes; includes subunits possessing three catalytic activities: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (E2), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). The This Eukaryotic form usually contains more subunits than its bacterial counterpart; for example, one known complex contains 30 E1 dimers, 60 E2 monomers, and 6 E3 dimers as well as a few copies of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase." [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0471331309, ISBN:0716720094]


id: GO:0005968
name: Rab-protein geranylgeranyltransferase complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "A heterodimeric enzyme complex, which in mammals is composed of an alpha and a beta subunit, and which associates with an accessory protein Rep (Rab escort protein). Catalyzes of the transfer of a geranyl-geranyl group from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to a Rab protein." [GOC:jl, PMID:11886217]


id: GO:0005969
name: serine-pyruvate aminotransferase complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "An enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation of hydroxypyruvate and alanine from serine and pyruvate." [EC:2.6.1.51]


id: GO:0005971
name: ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase complex
namespace: cellular_component
def:
  "An enzyme complex composed of 2-4 or more subunits, which usually contains nonheme iron and requires ATP for catalysis. Catalyzes the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate from ribonucleoside diphosphate, using either thioredoxin disulfide or glutaredoxin disulfide as an acceptor." [BRENDA:1.17.4.1]


id: GO:0005975
name: carbohydrate metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule." [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0005976
name: polysaccharide metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically." [CHEBI:18154, ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0005977
name: glycogen metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha-(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha-(1->6) glycosidic linkages." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0005978
name: glycogen biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0005979
name: regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0005980
name: glycogen catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0005981
name: regulation of glycogen catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0005982
name: starch metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving starch, the most important reserve polysaccharide in plants. It is a glucan consisting of two components, amylose and amylopectin, which are both glucose homopolymers. Starch is synthesized as a temporary storage form of carbon and can be catabolized to produce sucrose." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0005983
name: starch catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of starch, the most important reserve polysaccharide in plants." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0005984
name: disaccharide metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving any disaccharide, sugars composed of two monosaccharide units." [GOC:jl, ISBN:01928006X]


id: GO:0005985
name: sucrose metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sucrose, the disaccharide fructofuranosyl-glucopyranoside." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0005986
name: sucrose biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sucrose, the disaccharide fructofuranosyl-glucopyranoside." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0005987
name: sucrose catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sucrose, the disaccharide fructofuranosyl-glucopyranoside." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0005988
name: lactose metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lactose, the disaccharide galactopyranosyl-glucose." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0005989
name: lactose biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lactose, the disaccharide galactopyranosyl-glucose." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0005990
name: lactose catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lactose, the disaccharide galactopyranosyl-glucose." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0005991
name: trehalose metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving trehalose, a disaccharide isomeric with sucrose and obtained from certain lichens and fungi." [GOC:jl, ISBN:0028623819]


id: GO:0005992
name: trehalose biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of trehalose, a disaccharide isomeric with sucrose and obtained from certain lichens and fungi." [GOC:jl, ISBN:0028623819]


id: GO:0005993
name: trehalose catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of trehalose, a disaccharide isomeric with sucrose and obtained from certain lichens and fungi." [GOC:jl, ISBN:0028623819]


id: GO:0005994
name: melibiose metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving melibiose, the disaccharide 6-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose." [ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0005995
name: melibiose catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of melibiose, the disaccharide 6-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose." [ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0005996
name: monosaccharide metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates. They are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0005997
name: xylulose metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving xylulose, the ketopentose threo-2-pentulose." [ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0005998
name: xylulose catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of xylulose, the ketopentose threo-2-pentulose." [ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0005999
name: xylulose biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of xylulose, the ketopentose threo-2-pentulose." [ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0006000
name: fructose metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006001
name: fructose catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006002
name: fructose 6-phosphate metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 6-phosphate, also known as F6P. The D-enantiomer is an important intermediate in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and fructose metabolism." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006003
name: fructose 2,6-bisphosphate metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. The D enantiomer is an important regulator of the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. It inhibits fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and activates phosphofructokinase." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006004
name: fucose metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fucose, or 6-deoxygalactose, which has two enantiomers, D-fucose and L-fucose." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006005
name: L-fucose biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-fucose (6-deoxy-L-galactose)." [GOC:jl]


id: GO:0006006
name: glucose metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006007
name: glucose catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006009
name: glucose 1-phosphate phosphorylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of introducing a phosphate group into glucose 1-phosphate to produce glucose bisphosphate." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006011
name: UDP-glucose metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-glucose, uridinediphosphoglucose, a substance composed of glucose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006012
name: galactose metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose. D-galactose is widely distributed in combined form in plants, animals and microorganisms as a constituent of oligo- and polysaccharides; it also occurs in galactolipids and as its glucoside in lactose and melibiose." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006013
name: mannose metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannose, the aldohexose manno-hexose, the C-2 epimer of glucose. The D-(+)-form is widely distributed in mannans and hemicelluloses and is of major importance in the core oligosaccharide of N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006014
name: D-ribose metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-ribose (ribo-pentose). As beta-D-ribofuranose, D-ribose forms the glycose group of all ribonucleosides, ribonucleotides and ribonucleic acids, and also of ribose phosphates, various glycosides, some coenzymes and some forms of vitamin B12." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006015
name: 5-phosphoribose 1-diphosphate biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 5-phosphoribose 1-diphosphate, also known as 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006016
name: 2-deoxyribose 1-phosphate biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 2-deoxyribose 1-phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 1-phospho-2-deoxyribose." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006017
name: deoxyribose 1,5-bisphosphate biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of deoxyribose 1,5-bisphosphate, the diphosphorylated sugar 1,5-diphospho-2-deoxyribose." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006018
name: 2-deoxyribose 1-phosphate catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyribose 1-phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 1-phospho-2-deoxyribose." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006019
name: deoxyribose 5-phosphate phosphorylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of introducing a phosphate group into deoxyribose 5-phosphate to produce deoxyribose bisphosphate." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006020
name: inositol metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms." [CHEBI:24848, ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0006021
name: inositol biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms." [CHEBI:24848, ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0006022
name: aminoglycan metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages." [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006023
name: aminoglycan biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages." [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006024
name: glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars." [ISBN:0192800981]


id: GO:0006025
name: galactosaminoglycan biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galactosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars derived from the galactose." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006026
name: aminoglycan catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages." [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006027
name: glycosaminoglycan catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars." [ISBN:0192800981]


id: GO:0006028
name: galactosaminoglycan catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars derived from the galactose." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006029
name: proteoglycan metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans." [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006030
name: chitin metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues." [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006031
name: chitin biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues." [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006032
name: chitin catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues." [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006034
name: cuticle chitin metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving cuticle chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in cuticles." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006035
name: cuticle chitin biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cuticle chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in cuticles." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006036
name: cuticle chitin catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cuticle chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in cuticles." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006037
name: cell wall chitin metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving cell wall chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in the walls of cells." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006038
name: cell wall chitin biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cell wall chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in the walls of cells." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006039
name: cell wall chitin catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cell wall chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in the walls of cells." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006040
name: amino sugar metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving any amino sugar, sugars containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group." [GOC:jl, ISBN:0192801023]


id: GO:0006041
name: glucosamine metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxyglucopyranose), an aminodeoxysugar that occurs in combined form in chitin." [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006042
name: glucosamine biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxyglucopyranose), an aminodeoxysugar that occurs in combined form in chitin." [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006043
name: glucosamine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxyglucopyranose), an aminodeoxysugar that occurs in combined form in chitin." [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006044
name: N-acetylglucosamine metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide group of a glycoprotein." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006045
name: N-acetylglucosamine biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide group of a glycoprotein." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006046
name: N-acetylglucosamine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide group of a glycoprotein." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006047
name: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006048
name: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006049
name: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006050
name: mannosamine metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannosomine, 2-amino-2-deoxymannose; the D-isomer is a constituent of neuraminic acids as well as mucolipids and mucoproteins." [CHEBI:mannosamine, GOC:curators]


id: GO:0006051
name: N-acetylmannosamine metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylmannosamine, the acetylated derivative of mannosamine, 2-amino-2-deoxymannose." [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006052
name: N-acetylmannosamine biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of N-acetylmannosamine, the acetylated derivative of mannosamine, 2-amino-2-deoxymannose." [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006053
name: N-acetylmannosamine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of N-acetylmannosamine, the acetylated derivative of mannosamine, 2-amino-2-deoxymannose." [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006054
name: N-acetylneuraminate metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylneuraminate, the anion of 5-(acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-3-ulosonic acid." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006055
name: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CMP-N-acetylneuraminate, a substance composed of 5-(acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-3-ulosonic acid in glycosidic linkage with cytidine monophosphate." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006056
name: mannoprotein metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound mannose residues." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006057
name: mannoprotein biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mannoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound mannose residues." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006058
name: mannoprotein catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mannoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound mannose residues." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006059
name: hexitol metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving hexitols, any alditol with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006060
name: sorbitol metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sorbitol (D-glucitol), one of the ten stereoisomeric hexitols. It can be derived from glucose by reduction of the aldehyde group." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006061
name: sorbitol biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sorbitol (D-glucitol), one of the ten stereoisomeric hexitols. It can be derived from glucose by reduction of the aldehyde group." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006062
name: sorbitol catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sorbitol (D-glucitol), one of the ten stereoisomeric hexitols. It can be derived from glucose by reduction of the aldehyde group." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006063
name: uronic acid metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving uronic acid, any monocarboxylic acid formally derived by oxidizing to a carboxyl group the terminal hydroxymethylene group of either an aldose with four or more carbon atoms in the molecule, or of any glycoside derived from such an aldose." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006064
name: glucuronate catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucuronate, any salt or ester of glucuronic acid." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006065
name: UDP-glucuronate biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-glucuronate, a substance composed of glucuronic acid in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006066
name: alcohol metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom." [CHEBI:30879, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006067
name: ethanol metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, a colorless, water-miscible, flammable liquid produced by alcoholic fermentation." [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006068
name: ethanol catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, a colorless, water-miscible, flammable liquid produced by alcoholic fermentation." [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006069
name: ethanol oxidation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "An ethanol metabolic process in which ethanol is converted to acetyl-CoA via acetaldehyde and acetate." [GOC:mah, MetaCyc:PWY66-161, MetaCyc:PWY66-162, MetaCyc:PWY66-21]


id: GO:0006070
name: octanol metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving octanol, the 8-carbon alcohol with the formula C8H17OH." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006071
name: glycerol metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids." [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006072
name: glycerol-3-phosphate metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol-3-phosphate, a phosphoric monoester of glycerol." [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006073
name: cellular glucan metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues." [ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0006074
name: (1->3)-beta-D-glucan metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving (1->3)-beta-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->3)-beta-D-glucosidic bonds." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006075
name: (1->3)-beta-D-glucan biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (1->3)-beta-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->3)-beta-D-glucosidic bonds." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006077
name: (1->6)-beta-D-glucan metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving (1->6)-beta-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->6)-beta-D-glucosidic bonds." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006080
name: substituted mannan metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving a mannan backbone composed of D-mannose unites, substituted with D-glucose and/or D-galactose units." [GOC:tair_curators]


id: GO:0006081
name: cellular aldehyde metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells." [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006082
name: organic acid metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006083
name: acetate metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetate, the anion of acetic acid." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006084
name: acetyl-CoA metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetyl-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated; it is a metabolite derived from several pathways (e.g. glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, amino-acid catabolism) and is further metabolized by the tricarboxylic acid cycle. It is a key intermediate in lipid and terpenoid biosynthesis." [ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0006085
name: acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006086
name: acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process from pyruvate
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate." [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]


id: GO:0006089
name: lactate metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lactate, the anion of lactic acid." [ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0006091
name: generation of precursor metabolites and energy
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances." [GOC:jl]


id: GO:0006094
name: gluconeogenesis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol." [MetaCyc:GLUCONEO-PWY]


id: GO:0006096
name: glycolytic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP and the reduction of NAD(P) to NAD(P)H. Glycolysis begins with the metabolism of a carbohydrate to generate products that can enter the pathway and ends with the production of pyruvate. Pyruvate may be converted to acetyl-coenzyme A, ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules." [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, ISBN:0201090910, ISBN:0716720094, ISBN:0879010479, Wikipedia:Glycolysis]


id: GO:0006097
name: glyoxylate cycle
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A modification of the TCA cycle occurring in some plants and microorganisms, in which isocitrate is cleaved to glyoxylate and succinate. Glyoxylate can then react with acetyl-CoA to form malate." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006098
name: pentose-phosphate shunt
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The glucose-6-phosphate catabolic process in which, coupled to NADPH synthesis, glucose-6-P is oxidized with the formation of carbon dioxide (CO2) and ribulose 5-phosphate; ribulose 5-P then enters a series of reactions interconverting sugar phosphates. The pentose phosphate pathway is a major source of reducing equivalents for biosynthesis reactions and is also important for the conversion of hexoses to pentoses." [ISBN:0198506732, MetaCyc:PENTOSE-P-PWY]


id: GO:0006099
name: tricarboxylic acid cycle
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006100
name: obsolete tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways involving intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006101
name: citrate metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate. Citrate is widely distributed in nature and is an important intermediate in the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006102
name: isocitrate metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving isocitrate, the anion of isocitric acid, 1-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid. Isocitrate is an important intermediate in the TCA cycle and the glycoxylate cycle." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006103
name: 2-oxoglutarate metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxoglutarate, the dianion of 2-oxoglutaric acid. It is a key constituent of the TCA cycle and a key intermediate in amino-acid metabolism." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006104
name: succinyl-CoA metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving succinyl-CoA, a compound composed of the monovalent acyl group 3-carboxypropanoyl, derived from succinic acid by loss of one OH group, linked to coenzyme A." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006105
name: succinate metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving succinate, also known as butanedioate or ethane dicarboxylate, the dianion of succinic acid. Succinate is an important intermediate in metabolism and a component of the TCA cycle." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006106
name: fumarate metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fumarate, the anion of trans-1,2-ethenedicarboxylic acid, the diastereoisomer of maleate. It is a key intermediate in metabolism and is formed in the TCA cycle from succinate and converted into malate." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006107
name: oxaloacetate metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxaloacetate, the anion of oxobutanedioic acid, an important intermediate in metabolism, especially as a component of the TCA cycle." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006108
name: malate metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving malate, the anion of hydroxybutanedioic acid, a chiral hydroxydicarboxylic acid. The (+) enantiomer is an important intermediate in metabolism as a component of both the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006109
name: regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006111
name: regulation of gluconeogenesis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006112
name: energy reserve metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from stored compounds such as fats or glycogen." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006113
name: fermentation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The anaerobic enzymatic conversion of organic compounds, especially carbohydrates, coupling the oxidation and reduction of NAD/H and the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)." [GOC:curators, ISBN:0201090910, ISBN:124925502, MetaCyc:Fermentation]


id: GO:0006114
name: glycerol biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids." [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006115
name: ethanol biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, a colorless, water-miscible, flammable liquid produced by alcoholic fermentation." [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006116
name: NADH oxidation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A metabolic process that results in the oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADH, to the oxidized form, NAD." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006117
name: acetaldehyde metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetaldehyde, a colorless, flammable liquid intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol." [CHEBI:15343, GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006118
name: obsolete electron transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. The transport of electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor." [GOC:curators]


id: GO:0006119
name: oxidative phosphorylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis." [ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0471331309]


id: GO:0006120
name: mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex I." [ISBN:0716731363]


id: GO:0006121
name: mitochondrial electron transport, succinate to ubiquinone
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The transfer of electrons from succinate to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex II." [ISBN:0716731363]


id: GO:0006122
name: mitochondrial electron transport, ubiquinol to cytochrome c
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The transfer of electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex III." [ISBN:0716731363]


id: GO:0006123
name: mitochondrial electron transport, cytochrome c to oxygen
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The transfer of electrons from cytochrome c to oxygen that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex IV." [ISBN:0716731363]


id: GO:0006124
name: ferredoxin metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving ferredoxin, any simple, nonenzymatic iron-sulfur protein that is characterized by having equal numbers of atoms of iron and labile sulfur. Iron and sulfur atoms are present in one or two clusters of two or four atoms of each." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006127
name: glycerophosphate shuttle
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of transferring reducing equivalents from the cytosol into the mitochondria; NADH is used to synthesise glycerol 3-phosphate in the cytosol; this compound is then transported into the mitochondria where it is converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) using FAD; DHAP then returns to the cytosol to complete the cycle." [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_electron_transport, ISBN:071672009, PMID:16368075]


id: GO:0006139
name: nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006140
name: regulation of nucleotide metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006141
name: regulation of purine nucleobase metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving purines." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006142
name: regulation of pyrimidine nucleobase metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleobases." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006144
name: purine nucleobase metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine." [CHEBI:26386, GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006145
name: purine nucleobase catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006146
name: adenine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of adenine, 6-aminopurine, one of the 5 main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of numerous important derivatives of its corresponding ribonucleoside, adenosine." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006147
name: guanine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, a purine that is one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of a number of phosphorylated guanosine derivatives whose metabolic or regulatory functions are important." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006148
name: inosine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of inosine, hypoxanthine riboside, a nucleoside found free but not in combination in nucleic acids except in the anticodons of some tRNAs." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006149
name: deoxyinosine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyinosine, hypoxanthine deoxyriboside." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006150
name: hypoxanthine oxidation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hypoxanthine to xanthine and thence to uric acid." [GOC:mah, PMID:3196295]


id: GO:0006151
name: xanthine oxidation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The oxidation of xanthine, 2,6-dihydroxypurine, a purine formed in the metabolic breakdown of guanine but not present in nucleic acids." [GOC:jl]


id: GO:0006152
name: purine nucleoside catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside)." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006154
name: adenosine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of adenosine, adenine riboside, a ribonucleoside found widely distributed in cells of every type as the free nucleoside and in combination in nucleic acids and various nucleoside coenzymes." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006157
name: deoxyadenosine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyadenosine, 2-deoxyribosyladenine, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006161
name: deoxyguanosine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyguanosine, a nucleoside consisting of the base guanine and the sugar deoxyribose." [CHEBI:17172, GOC:jl]


id: GO:0006163
name: purine nucleotide metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar." [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006164
name: purine nucleotide biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar." [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006165
name: nucleoside diphosphate phosphorylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of introducing a phosphate group into a nucleoside diphosphate to produce a nucleoside triphosphate." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006166
name: purine ribonucleoside salvage
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process which produces a purine nucleoside from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis." [GOC:jl]


id: GO:0006167
name: AMP biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of AMP, adenosine monophosphate." [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006168
name: adenine salvage
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that generates adenine, 6-aminopurine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis." [GOC:jl]


id: GO:0006169
name: adenosine salvage
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that generates adenosine, adenine riboside, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis." [GOC:jl]


id: GO:0006170
name: dAMP biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dAMP, deoxyadenosine monophosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate)." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006171
name: cAMP biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate)." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006172
name: ADP biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ADP, adenosine 5'-diphosphate." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006173
name: dADP biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dADP, deoxyadenosine diphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate)." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006174
name: dADP phosphorylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of introducing a phosphate group into dADP, deoxyadenosine diphosphate, to produce dATP." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006175
name: dATP biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate)." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006176
name: dATP biosynthetic process from ADP
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate) from other compounds, including ADP, adenosine diphosphate." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006177
name: GMP biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GMP, guanosine monophosphate." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006178
name: guanine salvage
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that generates guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis." [GOC:jl]


id: GO:0006179
name: guanosine salvage
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that generates guanosine, guanine riboside, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis." [GOC:jl]


id: GO:0006180
name: deoxyguanosine salvage
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that generates deoxyguanosine from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis." [GOC:jl]


id: GO:0006181
name: dGMP biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dGMP, deoxyguanosine monophosphate (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate)." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006182
name: cGMP biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006183
name: GTP biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GTP, guanosine triphosphate." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006184
name: obsolete GTP catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of GTP, guanosine triphosphate." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006185
name: dGDP biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate, (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-diphosphate)." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006186
name: dGDP phosphorylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of introducing a phosphate group into dGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate, to produce dGTP." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006187
name: dGTP biosynthetic process from dGDP
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dGTP, deoxyguanosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate) from other compounds, including gGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006188
name: IMP biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of IMP, inosine monophosphate." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006189
name: 'de novo' IMP biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of IMP, inosine monophosphate, by the stepwise assembly of a purine ring on ribose 5-phosphate." [GOC:mah, ISBN:0716720094]


id: GO:0006190
name: inosine salvage
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that generates inosine, hypoxanthine riboside, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis." [GOC:jl]


id: GO:0006191
name: deoxyinosine salvage
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that generates deoxyinosine from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis." [GOC:jl]


id: GO:0006192
name: IDP phosphorylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of introducing a phosphate group into IDP, inosine (5'-)diphosphate, to produce ITP." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006193
name: ITP catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ITP, inosine (5'-)triphosphate." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006194
name: dIDP phosphorylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of introducing a phosphate group into dIDP, deoxyinosine diphosphate, to produce dITP." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006195
name: purine nucleotide catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar." [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006196
name: AMP catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of AMP, adenosine monophosphate." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006198
name: cAMP catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate)." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006200
name: obsolete ATP catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006201
name: GMP catabolic process to IMP
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of guanosine monophosphate into other compounds, including inosine monophosphate." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006202
name: GMP catabolic process to guanine
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of guanosine monophosphate into other compounds, including guanine." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006203
name: dGTP catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dGTP, guanosine triphosphate." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006204
name: IMP catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of IMP, inosine monophosphate." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006206
name: pyrimidine nucleobase metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases." [CHEBI:26432, GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006207
name: 'de novo' pyrimidine nucleobase biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases, beginning with the synthesis of a pyrimidine ring from simpler precursors." [GOC:mah, ISBN:0716720094]


id: GO:0006208
name: pyrimidine nucleobase catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases." [CHEBI:26432, GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006209
name: cytosine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cytosine, 4-amino-2-hydroxypyrimidine, a pyrimidine derivative that is one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids; it occurs widely in cytidine derivatives." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006210
name: thymine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006211
name: 5-methylcytosine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 5-methylcytosine, a methylated base of DNA." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006212
name: uracil catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of uracil, 2,4-dioxopyrimidine, one of the pyrimidine bases occurring in RNA, but not in DNA." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006213
name: pyrimidine nucleoside metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving any pyrimidine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside)." [GOC:jl, ISBN:0140512713]


id: GO:0006214
name: thymidine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thymidine, deoxyribosylthymine thymine 2-deoxyriboside, a deoxynucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in deoxynucleotides and deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006216
name: cytidine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cytidine, cytosine riboside, a widely distributed nucleoside." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006217
name: deoxycytidine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxycytidine, 2-deoxyribosylcytosine, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006218
name: uridine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of uridine, uracil riboside, a ribonucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in ribonucleotides and ribonucleic acids." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006219
name: deoxyuridine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyuridine, 2-deoxyribosyluracil, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006220
name: pyrimidine nucleotide metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar." [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006221
name: pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar." [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006222
name: UMP biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UMP, uridine monophosphate." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006223
name: uracil salvage
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that generates uracil, 2,4-dioxopyrimidine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis." [GOC:jl]


id: GO:0006225
name: UDP biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP, uridine (5'-)diphosphate." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006226
name: dUMP biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dUMP, deoxyuridine monophosphate (2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate)." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006227
name: dUDP biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dUDP, deoxyuridine diphosphate (2'-deoxy-5'-uridylyl phosphate)." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006228
name: UTP biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006229
name: dUTP biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dUTP, deoxyuridine (5'-)triphosphate." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006230
name: TMP biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of TMP, ribosylthymine monophosphate." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006231
name: dTMP biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTMP, deoxyribosylthymine monophosphate (2'-deoxyribosylthymine 5'-phosphate)." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006232
name: TDP biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of TDP, ribosylthymine diphosphate." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006233
name: dTDP biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTDP, deoxyribosylthymine diphosphate (2'-deoxyribosylthymine5'-diphosphate)." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006234
name: TTP biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of TTP, ribosylthymine triphosphate." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006235
name: dTTP biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTTP, deoxyribosylthymine triphosphate." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006236
name: cytidine salvage
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that generates cytidine, cytosine riboside, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis." [GOC:jl]


id: GO:0006237
name: deoxycytidine salvage
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that generates deoxycytidine, 2-deoxyribosylcytosine, from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis." [GOC:jl]


id: GO:0006238
name: CMP salvage
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that generates CMP, cytidine monophosphate, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis." [GOC:jl]


id: GO:0006239
name: dCMP salvage
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that generates dCMP, deoxycytidine monophosphate from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis." [GOC:jl]


id: GO:0006240
name: dCDP biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dCDP, deoxycytidine 5'-diphosphate." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006241
name: CTP biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006242
name: dCTP biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dCTP, deoxycytidine triphosphate." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006244
name: pyrimidine nucleotide catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar." [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006245
name: TDP catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of TDP, ribosylthymine diphosphate." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006246
name: dTDP catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dTDP, deoxyribosylthymine diphosphate." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006248
name: CMP catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of CMP, cytidine monophosphate." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006249
name: dCMP catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dCMP, deoxycytidine monophosphate." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006251
name: dCDP catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dCDP, deoxycytidine 5'-diphosphate." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006253
name: dCTP catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dCTP, deoxycytidine triphosphate." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006254
name: CTP catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006256
name: UDP catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UDP, uridine (5'-)diphosphate." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006257
name: dUDP catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dUDP, deoxyuridine (5'-)diphosphate." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006258
name: UDP-glucose catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UDP-glucose, uridinediphosphoglucose, a substance composed of glucose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006259
name: DNA metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any cellular metabolic process involving deoxyribonucleic acid. This is one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006260
name: DNA replication
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of DNA. DNA replication begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by initiation proteins, and ends when the original DNA molecule has been completely duplicated and the copies topologically separated. The unit of replication usually corresponds to the genome of the cell, an organelle, or a virus. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006261
name: DNA-dependent DNA replication
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A DNA replication process that uses parental DNA as a template for the DNA-dependent DNA polymerases that synthesize the new strands." [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006265
name: DNA topological change
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process in which a transformation is induced in the topological structure of a double-stranded DNA helix, resulting in a change in linking number." [ISBN:071673706X, ISBN:0935702490]


id: GO:0006266
name: DNA ligation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase." [ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0006267
name: pre-replicative complex assembly involved in nuclear cell cycle DNA replication
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the nuclear pre-replicative complex, a protein-DNA complex that forms at the eukaryotic DNA replication origin and is required for replication initiation." [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


id: GO:0006268
name: DNA unwinding involved in DNA replication
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating unpaired template strands for DNA replication." [ISBN:071673706X, ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0006269
name: DNA replication, synthesis of RNA primer
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The synthesis of a short RNA polymer, usually 4-15 nucleotides long, using one strand of unwound DNA as a template; the RNA then serves as a primer from which DNA polymerases extend synthesis." [PMID:11395402]


id: GO:0006270
name: DNA replication initiation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process in which DNA-dependent DNA replication is started; this involves the separation of a stretch of the DNA double helix, the recruitment of DNA polymerases and the initiation of polymerase action." [ISBN:071673706X, ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0006271
name: DNA strand elongation involved in DNA replication
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process in which a DNA strand is synthesized from template DNA during replication by the action of polymerases, which add nucleotides to the 3' end of the nascent DNA strand." [ISBN:071673706X, ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0006272
name: leading strand elongation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The synthesis of DNA from a template strand in the 5' to 3' direction; leading strand elongation is continuous as it proceeds in the same direction as the replication fork." [ISBN:071673706X, ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0006273
name: lagging strand elongation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The synthesis of DNA from a template strand in a net 3' to 5' direction. Lagging strand DNA elongation proceeds by discontinuous synthesis of short stretches of DNA, known as Okazaki fragments, from RNA primers; these fragments are then joined by DNA ligase. Although each segment of nascent DNA is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction, the overall direction of lagging strand synthesis is 3' to 5', mirroring the progress of the replication fork." [ISBN:071673706X, ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0006274
name: DNA replication termination
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process in which DNA replication at a replication fork ceases; occurs when the replication fork reaches a specific termination site or when two replication forks meet." [GOC:mah, PMID:10209736, PMID:12009298]


id: GO:0006276
name: plasmid maintenance
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The maintenance of the integrity of extrachromosomal plasmid DNA; includes processes that ensure plasmids are retained in the daughter cells after cell division." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006277
name: DNA amplification
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process in which the number of copies of a gene is increased in certain cells as extra copies of DNA are made in response to certain signals of cell development or of stress from the environment." [ISBN:0721601464]


id: GO:0006278
name: RNA-dependent DNA replication
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A DNA replication process that uses RNA as a template for RNA-dependent DNA polymerases (e.g. reverse transcriptase) that synthesize the new strands." [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006279
name: premeiotic DNA replication
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The replication of DNA that precedes meiotic cell division." [GO_REF:0000060, GOC:ai, GOC:TermGenie]


id: GO:0006280
name: obsolete mutagenesis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. The process by which genetic material undergoes a detectable and heritable structural change. There are three categories of mutation: genome mutations, involving addition or subtraction of one or more whole chromosomes; chromosome mutations, which alter the structure of chromosomes; and gene mutations, where the structure of a gene is altered at the molecular level." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006281
name: DNA repair
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway." [PMID:11563486]


id: GO:0006283
name: transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The nucleotide-excision repair process that carries out preferential repair of DNA lesions on the actively transcribed strand of the DNA duplex. In addition, the transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair pathway is required for the recognition and repair of a small subset of lesions that are not recognized by the global genome nucleotide excision repair pathway." [PMID:10197977, PMID:11900249]


id: GO:0006284
name: base-excision repair
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "In base excision repair, an altered base is removed by a DNA glycosylase enzyme, followed by excision of the resulting sugar phosphate. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase." [ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0006285
name: base-excision repair, AP site formation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The formation of an AP site, a deoxyribose sugar with a missing base, by DNA glycosylase which recognizes an altered base in DNA and catalyzes its hydrolytic removal. This sugar phosphate is the substrate recognized by the AP endonuclease, which cuts the DNA phosphodiester backbone at the 5' side of the altered site to leave a gap which is subsequently repaired." [ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0006286
name: base-excision repair, base-free sugar-phosphate removal
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Excision of the sugar phosphate residue at an AP site, i.e. a deoxyribose sugar with a missing base, by a phosphodiesterase enzyme." [ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0006287
name: base-excision repair, gap-filling
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Repair of the damaged strand by the combined action of an apurinic endouclease that degrades a few bases on the damaged strand and a polymerase that synthesizes a 'patch' in the 5' to 3' direction, using the undamaged strand as a template." [ISBN:1550091131]


id: GO:0006288
name: base-excision repair, DNA ligation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The ligation by DNA ligase of DNA strands. Ligation occurs after polymerase action to fill the gap left by the action of endonucleases during base-excision repair." [ISBN:1550091131]


id: GO:0006289
name: nucleotide-excision repair
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A DNA repair process in which a small region of the strand surrounding the damage is removed from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. Nucleotide excision repair recognizes a wide range of substrates, including damage caused by UV irradiation (pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts) and chemicals (intrastrand cross-links and bulky adducts)." [PMID:10197977]


id: GO:0006291
name: obsolete pyrimidine-dimer repair, DNA damage excision
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. The excision of damaged DNA during pyrimidine-dimer repair. A large multienzyme complex scans the DNA for a distortion in the double helix rather than for a specific base change. Once a bulky lesion is found, the phosphodiester backbone of the abnormal strand is cleaved on both sides of the distortion, and the portion of the strand containing the lesion (an oligonucleotide) is peeled away from the DNA double helix by a DNA helicase enzyme." [ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0006292
name: obsolete pyrimidine-dimer repair, DNA damage recognition
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. The location of pyrimidine dimers by a large multienzyme complex that scans the DNA for distortions in the double helix caused by pyrimidine dimers." [ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0006293
name: nucleotide-excision repair, preincision complex stabilization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The stabilization of the multiprotein complex involved in damage recognition, DNA helix unwinding, and endonucleolytic cleavage at the site of DNA damage as well as the unwound DNA. The stabilization of the protein-DNA complex ensures proper positioning of the preincision complex before the phosphodiester backbone of the damaged strand is cleaved 3' and 5' of the site of DNA damage." [GOC:elh, PMID:10197977]


id: GO:0006294
name: nucleotide-excision repair, preincision complex assembly
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on DNA to form the multiprotein complex involved in damage recognition, DNA helix unwinding, and endonucleolytic cleavage at the site of DNA damage. This assembly occurs before the phosphodiester backbone of the damaged strand is cleaved 3' and 5' of the site of DNA damage." [GOC:elh, PMID:10197977]


id: GO:0006295
name: nucleotide-excision repair, DNA incision, 3'-to lesion
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The endonucleolytic cleavage of the damaged strand of DNA 3' to the site of damage. The incision occurs at the junction of single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA that is formed when the DNA duplex is unwound. The incision precedes the incision formed 5' to the site of damage." [GOC:elh, PMID:10197977]


id: GO:0006296
name: nucleotide-excision repair, DNA incision, 5'-to lesion
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The endonucleolytic cleavage of the damaged strand of DNA 5' to the site of damage. The incision occurs at the junction of single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA that is formed when the DNA duplex is unwound. The incision follows the incision formed 3' to the site of damage." [GOC:elh, PMID:10197977]


id: GO:0006297
name: nucleotide-excision repair, DNA gap filling
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Repair of the gap in the DNA helix by DNA polymerase and DNA ligase after the portion of the strand containing the lesion has been removed by pyrimidine-dimer repair enzymes." [ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0006298
name: mismatch repair
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A system for the correction of errors in which an incorrect base, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with the corresponding base in the parent strand, is incorporated into the daughter strand. The mismatch repair system promotes genomic fidelity by repairing base-base mismatches, insertion-deletion loops and heterologies generated during DNA replication and recombination." [ISBN:0198506732, PMID:11687886]


id: GO:0006299
name: obsolete short patch mismatch repair system
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. The repair of mismatched DNA where the gap to be repaired is only one nucleotide. DNA polymerase is the preferred polymerase in short patch repair, performing gap filling DNA synthesis and removal of the 5'-deoxyribose phosphate of the abasic site." [PMID:10660619, PMID:10878254]


id: GO:0006301
name: postreplication repair
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The conversion of DNA-damage induced single-stranded gaps into large molecular weight DNA after replication. Includes pathways that remove replication-blocking lesions in conjunction with DNA replication." [GOC:elh]


id: GO:0006302
name: double-strand break repair
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix." [GOC:elh]


id: GO:0006303
name: double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the two broken ends are rejoined with little or no sequence complementarity. Information at the DNA ends may be lost due to the modification of broken DNA ends. This term covers instances of separate pathways, called classical (or canonical) and alternative nonhomologous end joining (C-NHEJ and A-NHEJ). These in turn may further branch into sub-pathways, but evidence is still unclear." [GOC:rph, PMID:10827453, PMID:24837021]


id: GO:0006304
name: DNA modification
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotide sites in DNA, resulting in a change in its properties." [GOC:jl, GOC:ma]


id: GO:0006305
name: DNA alkylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The addition of alkyl groups to many positions on all four bases of DNA. Alkylating agents can also modify the bases of incoming nucleotides in the course of DNA synthesis." [ISBN:0716735970]


id: GO:0006306
name: DNA methylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine." [GOC:ems, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006307
name: DNA dealkylation involved in DNA repair
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The repair of alkylation damage, e.g. the removal of the alkyl group at the O6-position of guanine by O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT)." [PMID:10946226]


id: GO:0006308
name: DNA catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cellular DNA metabolic process resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one." [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006309
name: apoptotic DNA fragmentation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cleavage of DNA during apoptosis, which usually occurs in two stages: cleavage into fragments of about 50 kbp followed by cleavage between nucleosomes to yield 200 bp fragments." [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:tb, ISBN:0721639976, PMID:15723341, PMID:23379520]


id: GO:0006310
name: DNA recombination
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006311
name: meiotic gene conversion
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cell cycle process in which genetic information is transferred from one helix to another. It often occurs in association with general genetic recombination events, and is believed to be a straightforward consequence of the mechanisms of general recombination and DNA repair. For example, meiosis might yield three copies of the maternal version of an allele and only one copy of the paternal allele, indicating that one of the two copies of the paternal allele has been changed to a copy of the maternal allele." [ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0006312
name: mitotic recombination
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between one DNA molecule and a homologous region of DNA that occurs during mitotic cell cycles." [GOC:elh]


id: GO:0006313
name: transposition, DNA-mediated
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process involved in a type of transpositional recombination which occurs via a DNA intermediate." [GOC:jp, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:1555812090]


id: GO:0006314
name: intron homing
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Lateral transfer of an intron to a homologous allele that lacks the intron, mediated by a site-specific endonuclease encoded within the mobile intron." [PMID:10487208]


id: GO:0006315
name: homing of group II introns
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Lateral transfer of a group II intron to a homologous allele that lacks the intron, mediated by a site-specific endonuclease encoded within the mobile intron; group II introns are self-splicing introns with a conserved secondary structure." [GOC:mcc, ISBN:0716743663, PMID:10487208]


id: GO:0006316
name: movement of group I intron
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Lateral transfer of a group I intron to a homologous allele that lacks the intron, mediated by a site-specific endonuclease encoded within the mobile intron; group I introns are self-splicing introns that use guanosine as a cofactor in the splicing reaction." [GOC:mcc, ISBN:0716743663, PMID:10487208]


id: GO:0006323
name: DNA packaging
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process in which DNA and associated proteins are formed into a compact, orderly structure." [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0006324
name: obsolete S phase-specific histone modification
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. The covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a histone protein that takes place during, and results in a modification pattern characteristic of, S phase of the cell cycle." [GOC:mah, PMID:9990026]


id: GO:0006325
name: chromatin organization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of eukaryotic chromatin." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006334
name: nucleosome assembly
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006337
name: nucleosome disassembly
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The controlled breakdown of nucleosomes, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006338
name: chromatin remodeling
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation." [GOC:jid, PMID:12697820]


id: GO:0006339
name: obsolete positive regulation of transcription of homeotic gene (trithorax group)
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription of homeotic genes of the trithorax group." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006340
name: obsolete negative regulation of transcription of homeotic gene (Polycomb group)
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription of homeotic genes of the Polycomb group." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006342
name: chromatin silencing
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Repression of transcription by altering the structure of chromatin, e.g. by conversion of large regions of DNA into an inaccessible state often called heterochromatin." [GOC:mah, PMID:10219245]


id: GO:0006343
name: establishment of chromatin silencing
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The initial formation of a transcriptionally silent chromatin structure such as heterochromatin." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006344
name: maintenance of chromatin silencing
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The maintenance of chromatin in a transcriptionally silent state such as heterochromatin." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006346
name: methylation-dependent chromatin silencing
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Repression of transcription by methylation of DNA, leading to the formation of heterochromatin." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006348
name: chromatin silencing at telomere
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Repression of transcription of telomeric DNA by altering the structure of chromatin." [PMID:10219245]


id: GO:0006349
name: regulation of gene expression by genetic imprinting
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Heritable alterations in the activity of a gene that depend on whether it passed through the paternal or the maternal germline, but that are not encoded by DNA itself." [GOC:ems, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:11498578]


id: GO:0006352
name: DNA-templated transcription, initiation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase preinitiation complex (PIC) at the core promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. The initiation phase includes PIC assembly and the formation of the first few bonds in the RNA chain, including abortive initiation, which occurs when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released. The initiation phase ends just before and does not include promoter clearance, or release, which is the transition between the initiation and elongation phases of transcription." [GOC:jid, GOC:txnOH, PMID:18280161]


id: GO:0006353
name: DNA-templated transcription, termination
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cellular process that completes DNA-templated transcription; the formation of phosphodiester bonds ceases, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, and RNA polymerase releases the DNA." [GOC:txnOH, ISBN:0716720094, PMID:15020047, PMID:18280161]


id: GO:0006354
name: DNA-templated transcription, elongation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by an RNA polymerase." [GOC:mah, GOC:txnOH, PMID:15020047, PMID:18280161]


id: GO:0006355
name: regulation of transcription, DNA-templated
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription." [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]


id: GO:0006356
name: regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006357
name: regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter." [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]


id: GO:0006359
name: regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA ploymerase III promoter." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006360
name: transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase I (RNAP I), originating at an RNAP I promoter." [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH]


id: GO:0006361
name: transcription initiation from RNA polymerase I promoter
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase I preinitiation complex (PIC) at an RNA polymerase I promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. The initiation phase includes PIC assembly and the formation of the first few bonds in the RNA chain, including abortive initiation, which occurs when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released. Promoter clearance, or release, is the transition between the initiation and elongation phases of transcription." [GOC:mah, GOC:txnOH]


id: GO:0006362
name: transcription elongation from RNA polymerase I promoter
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at an RNA polymerase I specific promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase I." [GOC:mah, GOC:txnOH]


id: GO:0006363
name: termination of RNA polymerase I transcription
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process in which the synthesis of an RNA molecule by RNA polymerase I using a DNA template is completed. RNAP I termination requires binding of a terminator protein so specific sequences downstream of the transcription unit." [GOC:mah, GOC:txnOH, PMID:10684922]


id: GO:0006364
name: rRNA processing
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules." [GOC:curators]


id: GO:0006366
name: transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs)." [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH, ISBN:0321000382]


id: GO:0006367
name: transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex (PIC) at an RNA polymerase II promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. The initiation phase includes PIC assembly and the formation of the first few bonds in the RNA chain, including abortive initiation, which occurs when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released. Promoter clearance, or release, is the transition between the initiation and elongation phases of transcription." [GOC:mah, GOC:txnOH]


id: GO:0006368
name: transcription elongation from RNA polymerase II promoter
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at an RNA polymerase II promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II." [GOC:mah, GOC:txnOH]


id: GO:0006369
name: termination of RNA polymerase II transcription
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process in which the synthesis of an RNA molecule by RNA polymerase II using a DNA template is completed." [GOC:mah, GOC:txnOH]


id: GO:0006370
name: 7-methylguanosine mRNA capping
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Addition of the 7-methylguanosine cap to the 5' end of a nascent messenger RNA transcript." [GOC:mah, PMID:9266685]


id: GO:0006371
name: obsolete mRNA splicing
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. The process in which excision of introns from the primary transcript of messenger RNA (mRNA) is followed by ligation of the two exon termini exposed by removal of each intron, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced." [GOC:krc, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006376
name: mRNA splice site selection
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Selection of a splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome." [GOC:krc, ISBN:0879695897]


id: GO:0006378
name: mRNA polyadenylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The enzymatic addition of a sequence of 40-200 adenylyl residues at the 3' end of a eukaryotic mRNA primary transcript." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006379
name: mRNA cleavage
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process in which a pre-mRNA or mRNA molecule is cleaved at specific sites or in a regulated manner." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006382
name: adenosine to inosine editing
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The conversion of an adenosine residue to inosine in an RNA molecule by deamination." [PMID:11092837]


id: GO:0006383
name: transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III, originating at an RNAP III promoter." [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH]


id: GO:0006384
name: transcription initiation from RNA polymerase III promoter
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase III preinitiation complex (PIC) at an RNA polymerase III promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. The initiation phase includes PIC assembly and the formation of the first few bonds in the RNA chain, including abortive initiation, which occurs when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released. Promoter clearance, or release, is the transition between the initiation and elongation phases of transcription." [GOC:mah, GOC:txnOH]


id: GO:0006385
name: transcription elongation from RNA polymerase III promoter
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at an RNA polymerase III promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase III." [GOC:mah, GOC:txnOH]


id: GO:0006386
name: termination of RNA polymerase III transcription
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process in which transcription by RNA polymerase III is terminated; Pol III has an intrinsic ability to terminate transcription upon incorporation of 4 to 6 contiguous U residues." [GOC:mah, PMID:12944462]


id: GO:0006387
name: obsolete snRNA capping
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. The sequence of enzymatic reactions resulting in the addition of a cap to the 5' end of a nascent snRNA transcript." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006388
name: tRNA splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Splicing of tRNA substrates via recognition of the folded RNA structure that brings the 5' and 3' splice sites into proximity and cleavage of the RNA at both the 3' and 5' splice sites by an endonucleolytic mechanism, followed by ligation of the exons." [GOC:krc, ISBN:0879695897, PMID:9582290]


id: GO:0006390
name: transcription from mitochondrial promoter
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The synthesis of RNA from a mitochondrial DNA template, usually by a specific mitochondrial RNA polymerase." [GOC:jl]


id: GO:0006391
name: transcription initiation from mitochondrial promoter
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A transcription initiation process that takes place at a promoter on the mitochondrial chromosome, and results in RNA synthesis by a mitochondrial RNA polymerase." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006392
name: transcription elongation from mitochondrial promoter
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at mitochondrial promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by a mitchondrial RNA polymerase." [GOC:mah, GOC:txnOH]


id: GO:0006393
name: termination of mitochondrial transcription
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process in which the synthesis of an RNA molecule using a mitochondrial DNA template is completed." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006396
name: RNA processing
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006397
name: mRNA processing
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006398
name: mRNA 3'-end processing by stem-loop binding and cleavage
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any mRNA 3'-end processing that involves the binding to and cleavage of a stem-loop structure. For example, histone mRNAs contain a highly conserved stem-loop sequence at the 3' end of the mRNA with a 6 base pairs (bp) stem and a 4-nt loop. The mRNA is cleaved between these two elements, after the fourth or fifth nucleotide, which is typically an adenosine." [GOC:mah, GOC:tb, PMID:17998288]


id: GO:0006399
name: tRNA metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving tRNA, transfer RNA, a class of relatively small RNA molecules responsible for mediating the insertion of amino acids into the sequence of nascent polypeptide chains during protein synthesis. Transfer RNA is characterized by the presence of many unusual minor bases, the function of which has not been completely established." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006400
name: tRNA modification
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within a tRNA molecule to produce a tRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically." [GOC:curators]


id: GO:0006401
name: RNA catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006402
name: mRNA catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006407
name: rRNA export from nucleus
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of rRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm; the rRNA is usually in the form of ribonucleoproteins." [GOC:ma, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006412
name: translation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006413
name: translational initiation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA." [ISBN:019879276X]


id: GO:0006414
name: translational elongation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis." [GOC:ems]


id: GO:0006415
name: translational termination
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome, usually in response to a termination codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA in the universal genetic code)." [GOC:hjd, ISBN:019879276X]


id: GO:0006417
name: regulation of translation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA." [GOC:isa_complete]


id: GO:0006418
name: tRNA aminoacylation for protein translation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA, to be used in ribosome-mediated polypeptide synthesis." [GOC:ma]


id: GO:0006419
name: alanyl-tRNA aminoacylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of coupling alanine to alanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by alanyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA." [GOC:mcc, ISBN:0716730510]


id: GO:0006420
name: arginyl-tRNA aminoacylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of coupling arginine to arginyl-tRNA, catalyzed by arginyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA." [GOC:mcc, ISBN:0716730510]


id: GO:0006421
name: asparaginyl-tRNA aminoacylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of coupling asparagine to asparaginyl-tRNA, catalyzed by asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA." [GOC:mcc, ISBN:0716730510]


id: GO:0006422
name: aspartyl-tRNA aminoacylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of coupling aspartate to aspartyl-tRNA, catalyzed by aspartyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA." [GOC:mah, ISBN:0716730510]


id: GO:0006423
name: cysteinyl-tRNA aminoacylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of coupling cysteine to cysteinyl-tRNA, catalyzed by cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA." [GOC:mcc, ISBN:0716730510]


id: GO:0006424
name: glutamyl-tRNA aminoacylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of coupling glutamate to glutamyl-tRNA, catalyzed by glutamyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'- adenosine residue of the tRNA." [GOC:mcc, ISBN:0716730510]


id: GO:0006425
name: glutaminyl-tRNA aminoacylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of coupling glutamine to glutaminyl-tRNA, catalyzed by glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'- adenosine residue of the tRNA." [GOC:mcc, ISBN:0716730510]


id: GO:0006426
name: glycyl-tRNA aminoacylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of coupling glycine to glycyl-tRNA, catalyzed by glycyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA." [GOC:mcc, ISBN:0716730510]


id: GO:0006427
name: histidyl-tRNA aminoacylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of coupling histidine to histidyl-tRNA, catalyzed by histidyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA." [GOC:mcc, ISBN:0716730510]


id: GO:0006428
name: isoleucyl-tRNA aminoacylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of coupling isoleucine to isoleucyl-tRNA, catalyzed by isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA." [GOC:mcc, ISBN:0716730510]


id: GO:0006429
name: leucyl-tRNA aminoacylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of coupling leucine to leucyl-tRNA, catalyzed by leucyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA." [GOC:mcc, ISBN:0716730510]


id: GO:0006430
name: lysyl-tRNA aminoacylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of coupling lysine to lysyl-tRNA, catalyzed by lysyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA." [GOC:mcc, ISBN:0716730510]


id: GO:0006431
name: methionyl-tRNA aminoacylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of coupling methionine to methionyl-tRNA, catalyzed by methionyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA." [GOC:mcc, ISBN:0716730510]


id: GO:0006432
name: phenylalanyl-tRNA aminoacylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of coupling phenylalanine to phenylalanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA." [GOC:mcc, ISBN:0716730510]


id: GO:0006433
name: prolyl-tRNA aminoacylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of coupling proline to prolyl-tRNA, catalyzed by prolyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA." [GOC:mah, ISBN:0716730510]


id: GO:0006434
name: seryl-tRNA aminoacylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of coupling serine to seryl-tRNA, catalyzed by seryl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA." [GOC:mcc, ISBN:0716730510]


id: GO:0006435
name: threonyl-tRNA aminoacylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of coupling threonine to threonyl-tRNA, catalyzed by threonyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA." [GOC:mcc, ISBN:0716730510]


id: GO:0006436
name: tryptophanyl-tRNA aminoacylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of coupling tryptophan to tryptophanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA." [GOC:mcc, ISBN:0716730510]


id: GO:0006437
name: tyrosyl-tRNA aminoacylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of coupling tyrosine to tyrosyl-tRNA, catalyzed by tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA." [GOC:mcc, ISBN:0716730510]


id: GO:0006438
name: valyl-tRNA aminoacylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of coupling valine to valyl-tRNA, catalyzed by valyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA." [GOC:mcc, ISBN:0716730510]


id: GO:0006439
name: obsolete aminoacyl-tRNA hydrolase reaction
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. Hydrolysis of the peptidyl-tRNA by aminoacyl-tRNA hydrolase upon termination of translation. Analogous to usual peptidyl transfer during elongation, except that the acceptor is H2O instead of an aminoacyl-tRNA." [ISBN:019879276X]


id: GO:0006446
name: regulation of translational initiation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006447
name: regulation of translational initiation by iron
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the translation of certain mRNAs involved in iron metabolism; regulated by the concentration of iron." [GOC:jl]


id: GO:0006448
name: regulation of translational elongation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or accuracy of translational elongation." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006449
name: regulation of translational termination
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006450
name: regulation of translational fidelity
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that modulates the ability of the translational apparatus to interpret the genetic code." [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


id: GO:0006451
name: translational readthrough
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The continuation of translation beyond a stop codon by the use of a special tRNA that recognizes the UAG and UGA codons as modified amino acids, rather than as termination codons." [GOC:jsg, PMID:11179232]


id: GO:0006452
name: translational frameshifting
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A mechanism whereby different proteins may result from a single mRNA molecule, due to a change in the parsing of three nucleotides per codon relative to an initiating AUG codon." [GOC:hjd, ISBN:0195094425]


id: GO:0006457
name: protein folding
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure." [GOC:go_curators, GOC:rb]


id: GO:0006458
name: 'de novo' protein folding
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of assisting in the folding of a nascent peptide chain into its correct tertiary structure." [GOC:mb]


id: GO:0006461
name: protein complex assembly
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006463
name: steroid hormone receptor complex assembly
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a steroid hormone receptor complex, an intracellular receptor that binds steroid hormones. The complex is often a dimer, and forms after the steroid has bound the receptor." [GOC:jl, Wikipedia:Steroid_hormone_receptor]


id: GO:0006464
name: cellular protein modification process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications) occurring at the level of an individual cell. Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification)." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006465
name: signal peptide processing
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The proteolytic removal of a signal peptide from a protein during or after transport to a specific location in the cell." [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0006469
name: negative regulation of protein kinase activity
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006471
name: protein ADP-ribosylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids." [GOC:pr, RESID:AA0040, RESID:AA0168, RESID:AA0169, RESID:AA0231, RESID:AA0237, RESID:AA0295]


id: GO:0006473
name: protein acetylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The addition of an acetyl group to a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006476
name: protein deacetylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006479
name: protein methylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The addition of a methyl group to a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006482
name: protein demethylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The removal of a methyl group, from a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006484
name: obsolete protein cysteine-thiol oxidation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. Oxidation of two cysteine sulfhydryl groups (thiols) in one protein by a disulfide bond in a second protein to form a disulfide bond in the first protein and two reduced sulfhydryls in the second. The oxidized cysteines linked by a disulfide bond is known as cystine." [http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/aminoacids/pages/cystine.html, http://www.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/pentose-phosphate-pathway.html, RESID:AA0025]


id: GO:0006486
name: protein glycosylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A protein modification process that results in the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins." [GOC:curators, GOC:pr]


id: GO:0006487
name: protein N-linked glycosylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine, the omega-N of arginine, or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan." [GOC:pr, RESID:AA0151, RESID:AA0156, RESID:AA0327]


id: GO:0006488
name: dolichol-linked oligosaccharide biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichol-linked oligosaccharide, usually by a stepwise addition of glycosyl chains to endoplasmic reticulum membrane-bound dolichol-P." [GOC:jl, ISBN:0471331309]


id: GO:0006489
name: dolichyl diphosphate biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichyl diphosphate, a diphosphorylated dolichol derivative." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006490
name: oligosaccharide-lipid intermediate biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an oligosaccharide-lipid intermediate, such as a molecule of dolichol-P-man or dolicol-P-Glc used in N-linked glycosylation." [GOC:dph, GOC:hjd, GOC:isa_complete, GOC:pr, GOC:rb]


id: GO:0006491
name: N-glycan processing
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The conversion of N-linked glycan (N = nitrogen) structures from the initially transferred oligosaccharide to a mature form, by the actions of glycosidases and glycosyltransferases. The early processing steps are conserved and play roles in glycoprotein folding and trafficking." [ISBN:0879695595, PMID:12736198]


id: GO:0006493
name: protein O-linked glycosylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via the hydroxyl group of peptidyl-serine, peptidyl-threonine, peptidyl-hydroxylysine, or peptidyl-hydroxyproline, or via the phenol group of peptidyl-tyrosine, forming an O-glycan." [GOC:pr, ISBN:0879695595, RESID:AA0153, RESID:AA0154, RESID:AA0155, RESID:AA0157, RESID:AA0212]


id: GO:0006494
name: obsolete protein amino acid terminal glycosylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A protein amino acid glycosylation process in which a sugar unit is added to a free alpha-amino or alpha-carboxyl terminal of a peptide." [GOC:jsg]


id: GO:0006499
name: N-terminal protein myristoylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The covalent attachment of a myristoyl group to the N-terminal amino acid residue of a protein." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006500
name: N-terminal protein palmitoylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to the N-terminal amino acid residue of a protein." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006502
name: obsolete C-terminal protein prenylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. The covalent or non-covalent attachment of a prenyl group to the carboxy terminus of a protein; geranyl, farnesyl, or geranylgeranyl groups may be added." [GOC:jl]


id: GO:0006503
name: obsolete C-terminal protein farnesylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. The covalent or non-covalent attachment of a farnesyl group to the carboxy terminus of a protein." [GOC:jl]


id: GO:0006504
name: obsolete C-terminal protein geranylgeranylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. The covalent or non-covalent attachment of a geranylgeranyl group to the carboxy terminus of a protein." [GOC:jl]


id: GO:0006505
name: GPI anchor metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors, molecular mechanisms for attaching membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. Structurally they consist of a molecule of phosphatidylinositol to which is linked, via the C-6 hydroxyl of the inositol, a carbohydrate chain. This chain is in turn linked to the protein through an ethanolamine phosphate group, the amino group of which is in amide linkage with the C-terminal carboxyl of the protein chain, the phosphate group being esterified to the C-6 hydroxyl of the terminal mannose of the core carbohydrate chain." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006506
name: GPI anchor biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor that attaches some membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. The phosphatidylinositol group is linked via the C-6 hydroxyl residue of inositol to a carbohydrate chain which is itself linked to the protein via an ethanolamine phosphate group, its amino group forming an amide linkage with the C-terminal carboxyl of the protein. Some GPI anchors have variants on this canonical linkage." [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0006507
name: GPI anchor release
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The GPI anchor metabolic process that results in enzymatic cleavage of the anchor, releasing an anchored protein from the membrane." [GOC:mah, PMID:18811934]


id: GO:0006508
name: proteolysis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds." [GOC:bf, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006509
name: membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins and release of their ectodomain (extracellular domain)." [GOC:jl, http://www.copewithcytokines.de/]


id: GO:0006510
name: obsolete ATP-dependent proteolysis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP." [GOC:jl]


id: GO:0006511
name: ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin group, or multiple ubiquitin groups, to the protein." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006512
name: obsolete ubiquitin cycle
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. The cyclical process by which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to (ubiquitination) and removed from (deubiquitination) a protein." [PMID:11917093]


id: GO:0006515
name: misfolded or incompletely synthesized protein catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded or attenuated proteins." [GOC:jl]


id: GO:0006516
name: glycoprotein catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide." [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006518
name: peptide metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another." [CHEBI:16670, GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006520
name: cellular amino acid metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups, as carried out by individual cells." [CHEBI:33709, GOC:curators, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006521
name: regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006523
name: alanine biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alanine, 2-aminopropanoic acid." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006524
name: alanine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alanine, 2-aminopropanoic acid." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006525
name: arginine metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid." [CHEBI:29016, GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006526
name: arginine biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid." [CHEBI:29016, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006527
name: arginine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid." [CHEBI:29016, GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006528
name: asparagine metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving asparagine, 2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006529
name: asparagine biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of asparagine, 2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006530
name: asparagine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of asparagine, 2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006531
name: aspartate metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, 2-aminobutanedioic acid." [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006532
name: aspartate biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, 2-aminobutanedioic acid." [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006533
name: aspartate catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, 2-aminobutanedioic acid." [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006534
name: cysteine metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006535
name: cysteine biosynthetic process from serine
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine from other compounds, including serine." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006536
name: glutamate metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006537
name: glutamate biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006538
name: glutamate catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006539
name: glutamate catabolic process via 2-oxoglutarate
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate, via the intermediate 2-oxoglutarate." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006540
name: glutamate decarboxylation to succinate
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of succinate from glutamate. Also known as GABA (gamma-aminobutyrate) shunt since it channels glutamate into the TCA cycle bypassing two steps of that cycle. There are three enzymes involved in the GABA shunt: glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), GABA aminotransferase (GABA-TA), and succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH). These three enzymes acting in concert to convert glutamate into succinate. The GABA shunt is predominantly associated with neurotransmission in the mammalian brain. It is also present in nonneuronal cells, in plants, in unicellular eukaryotes, and in prokaryotes." [PMID:12740438]


id: GO:0006541
name: glutamine metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006542
name: glutamine biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006543
name: glutamine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006545
name: glycine biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycine, aminoethanoic acid." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006546
name: glycine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycine, aminoethanoic acid." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006547
name: histidine metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006548
name: histidine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006549
name: isoleucine metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving isoleucine, (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006550
name: isoleucine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of isoleucine, (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006552
name: leucine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006554
name: lysine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006555
name: methionine metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins." [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006556
name: S-adenosylmethionine biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of S-adenosylmethionine, S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism." [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006557
name: S-adenosylmethioninamine biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of S-adenosylmethioninamine, (5-deoxy-5-adenosyl)(3-aminopropyl) methylsulfonium salt." [GOC:mah, MetaCyc:S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINAMINE]


id: GO:0006558
name: L-phenylalanine metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-phenylalanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid." [CHEBI:17295, GOC:go_curators, GOC:jsg, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006559
name: L-phenylalanine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenylalanine, 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006560
name: proline metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins." [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006561
name: proline biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006562
name: proline catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins." [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006563
name: L-serine metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid." [CHEBI:17115, GOC:ai, GOC:jsg]


id: GO:0006564
name: L-serine biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid." [CHEBI:17115, GOC:ai, GOC:jsg]


id: GO:0006565
name: L-serine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid." [CHEBI:17115, GOC:ai, GOC:jsg]


id: GO:0006566
name: threonine metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving threonine (2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid), a polar, uncharged, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins." [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006567
name: threonine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of threonine (2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid), a polar, uncharged, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins." [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006568
name: tryptophan metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid." [ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0006569
name: tryptophan catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid." [ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0006570
name: tyrosine metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006571
name: tyrosine biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid." [GOC:sm]


id: GO:0006572
name: tyrosine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006574
name: valine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006575
name: cellular modified amino acid metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents." [CHEBI:83821, GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006576
name: cellular biogenic amine metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells involving any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters." [GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172]


id: GO:0006577
name: amino-acid betaine metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving any betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid." [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006578
name: amino-acid betaine biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid." [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006579
name: amino-acid betaine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid." [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006580
name: ethanolamine metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol), an important water-soluble base of phospholipid (phosphatidylethanolamine)." [CHEBI:16000, GOC:jl, ISBN:01928006X]


id: GO:0006581
name: acetylcholine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline." [GOC:jl, ISBN:0192800752]


id: GO:0006582
name: melanin metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving melanins, pigments largely of animal origin. High molecular weight polymers of indole quinone, they are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006583
name: melanin biosynthetic process from tyrosine
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanin from other compounds, including tyrosine." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006584
name: catecholamine metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine." [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006585
name: dopamine biosynthetic process from tyrosine
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine) from L-tyrosine, via the metabolic precursor 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-dopa). Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of norepinephrine and epinephrine." [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006586
name: indolalkylamine metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group." [CHEBI:38631, GOC:curators]


id: GO:0006587
name: serotonin biosynthetic process from tryptophan
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation from tryptophan of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties." [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006588
name: activation of tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activity
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process in which the tryptophan 5-monooxygenase enzyme is changed so that it can carry out its enzymatic activity." [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


id: GO:0006589
name: octopamine biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of octopamine, 1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-aminoethanol. The D enantiomer is about one-tenth as active as norepinephrine and is found in the salivary glands of Octopus and Eledone species." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006590
name: thyroid hormone generation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The formation of either of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, mainly thyroxine and triiodothyronine. This is achieved by the iodination and joining of tyrosine molecules to form the precursor thyroglobin, proteolysis of this precursor gives rise to the thyroid hormones." [GOC:jl, ISBN:0716720094]


id: GO:0006591
name: ornithine metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving ornithine, an amino acid only rarely found in proteins, but which is important in living organisms as an intermediate in the reactions of the urea cycle and in arginine biosynthesis." [GOC:jl, ISBN:0192801023]


id: GO:0006592
name: ornithine biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ornithine, an amino acid only rarely found in proteins, but which is important in living organisms as an intermediate in the reactions of the urea cycle and in arginine biosynthesis." [GOC:jl, ISBN:0192801023]


id: GO:0006593
name: ornithine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ornithine, an amino acid only rarely found in proteins, but which is important in living organisms as an intermediate in the reactions of the urea cycle and in arginine biosynthesis." [GOC:jl, ISBN:0192801023]


id: GO:0006595
name: polyamine metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006596
name: polyamine biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006597
name: spermine biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of spermine, a polybasic amine found in human sperm, in ribosomes and in some viruses and involved in nucleic acid packaging." [CHEBI:15746, GOC:curators]


id: GO:0006598
name: polyamine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006599
name: phosphagen metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphagen, any of a group of guanidine phosphates that occur in muscle and can be used to regenerate ATP from ADP during muscular contraction." [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006600
name: creatine metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving creatine (N-(aminoiminomethyl)-N-methylglycine), a compound synthesized from the amino acids arginine, glycine, and methionine that occurs in muscle." [GOC:jl, ISBN:0192801023]


id: GO:0006601
name: creatine biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of creatine, N-[amino(imino)methyl]-N-methylglycine. Creatine is formed by a process beginning with amidino group transfer from L-arginine to glycine to form guanidinoacetate, followed by methyl group transfer from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to guanidinoacetate; it is then is phosphorylated to form a pool that stores high energy phosphate for the replenishment of ATP during periods of high, or fluctuating energy demand. In animals, most creatine is transported to and used in muscle." [CHEBI:16919, GOC:mah, MetaCyc:GLYCGREAT-PWY, MetaCyc:PWY-6158]


id: GO:0006602
name: creatinine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of creatinine, 2-amino-1,5-dihydro-1-methyl-4H-imidazol-4-one, an end product of creatine metabolism and a normal constituent of urine." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006603
name: phosphocreatine metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphocreatine, a phosphagen of creatine present in high concentration in striated muscle which is synthesized and broken down by creatine phosphokinase to buffer ATP concentration. It acts as an immediate energy reserve for muscle." [CHEBI:17287, GOC:curators, PMID:16371597]


id: GO:0006604
name: phosphoarginine metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphoarginine, a phosphagen of L-arginine with phosphoric acid containing the phosphoamide bond. It is a source of energy in the contraction of muscle in invertebrates, corresponding to phosphocreatine in the muscles of vertebrates." [GOC:curators, PMID:16371597]


id: GO:0006605
name: protein targeting
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of targeting specific proteins to particular regions of the cell, typically membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif." [GOC:ma]


id: GO:0006607
name: NLS-bearing protein import into nucleus
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of a protein bearing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006608
name: snRNP protein import into nucleus
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of a small nuclear ribonucleoprotein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006609
name: mRNA-binding (hnRNP) protein import into nucleus
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of a heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006610
name: ribosomal protein import into nucleus
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of a ribosomal protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006612
name: protein targeting to membrane
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein." [GOC:curators]


id: GO:0006613
name: cotranslational protein targeting to membrane
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation. The transport of most secretory proteins, particularly those with more than 100 amino acids, into the endoplasmic reticulum lumen occurs in this manner, as does the import of some proteins into mitochondria." [ISBN:0716731363, PMID:10512867, PMID:16896215]


id: GO:0006614
name: SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation and is dependent upon two key components, the signal-recognition particle (SRP) and the SRP receptor. SRP is a cytosolic particle that transiently binds to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal sequence in a nascent protein, to the large ribosomal unit, and to the SRP receptor in the ER membrane." [ISBN:0716731363]


id: GO:0006615
name: SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, docking
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process in which an SRP-bound ribosome forms a complex with the SRP receptor in the ER membrane, allowing the ribosome to bind to the membrane, during cotranslational membrane targeting." [ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0006616
name: SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, translocation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process during cotranslational membrane targeting wherein proteins move across a membrane. SRP and its receptor initiate the transfer of the nascent chain across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane; they then dissociate from the chain, which is transferred to a set of transmembrane proteins, collectively called the translocon. Once the nascent chain translocon complex is assembled, the elongating chain passes directly from the large ribosomal subunit into the centers of the translocon, a protein-lined channel within the membrane. The growing chain is never exposed to the cytosol and does not fold until it reaches the ER lumen." [ISBN:0716731363]


id: GO:0006617
name: SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, signal sequence recognition
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process in which SRP binds to the signal peptide in a nascent protein, causing protein elongation to pause, during cotranslational membrane targeting." [ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0006618
name: SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, signal sequence processing
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The removal of the signal peptide from a nascent protein during cotranslational membrane targeting." [ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0006619
name: obsolete SRP-independent cotranslational protein-membrane targeting
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation and is independent of SRP and signal recognition." [GOC:ai, PMID:11101515]


id: GO:0006620
name: posttranslational protein targeting to membrane
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs after their translation. Some secretory proteins exhibit posttranslational transport into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen: they are synthesized in their entirety on free cytosolic ribosomes and then released into the cytosol, where they are bound by chaperones which keep them in an unfolded state, and subsequently are translocated across the ER membrane." [ISBN:0716731363]


id: GO:0006621
name: protein retention in ER lumen
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen of soluble resident proteins. Sorting receptors retrieve proteins with ER localization signals, such as KDEL and HDEL sequences or some transmembrane domains, that have escaped to the cis-Golgi network and return them to the ER. Abnormally folded proteins and unassembled subunits are also selectively retained in the ER." [ISBN:0716731363, PMID:12972550]


id: GO:0006622
name: protein targeting to lysosome
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of directing proteins towards the lysosome using signals contained within the protein." [GOC:curators]


id: GO:0006623
name: protein targeting to vacuole
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of directing proteins towards the vacuole, usually using signals contained within the protein." [GOC:curators]


id: GO:0006624
name: vacuolar protein processing
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Protein processing that takes place in the vacuole. Most protein processing in the vacuole represents proteolytic cleavage of precursors to form active enzymes." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006625
name: protein targeting to peroxisome
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of directing proteins towards the peroxisome, usually using signals contained within the protein." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006626
name: protein targeting to mitochondrion
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of directing proteins towards and into the mitochondrion, usually mediated by mitochondrial proteins that recognize signals contained within the imported protein." [GOC:mcc, ISBN:0716731363]


id: GO:0006627
name: protein processing involved in protein targeting to mitochondrion
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cleavage of peptide bonds in proteins, usually near the N terminus, contributing to the process of import into the mitochondrion. Several different peptidases mediate cleavage of proteins destined for different mitochondrial compartments." [GOC:mcc, PMID:12191769]


id: GO:0006628
name: obsolete mitochondrial translocation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. The translocation of proteins across the mitochondrial membrane. In the presence of a translocating chain, the outer membrane import machinery (MOM complex) and the inner membrane import machinery (MIM complex) form translocation contact sites as a part of the membrane preprotein import machinery." [PMID:7600576]


id: GO:0006629
name: lipid metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids." [GOC:ma]


id: GO:0006631
name: fatty acid metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis." [ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0006633
name: fatty acid biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes." [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006634
name: hexadecanal biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hexadecanal, the C16 straight chain aldehyde." [http://chemfinder.cambridgesoft.com/]


id: GO:0006635
name: fatty acid beta-oxidation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A fatty acid oxidation process that results in the complete oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and occurs by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A; the cycle continues until only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively)." [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732, MetaCyc:FAO-PWY]


id: GO:0006636
name: unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an unsaturated fatty acid, any fatty acid containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms." [GOC:mah, MetaCyc:PWY-762, MetaCyc:PWY-782]


id: GO:0006637
name: acyl-CoA metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with an acyl group." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006638
name: neutral lipid metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving neutral lipids, lipids only soluble in solvents of very low polarity." [ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0006639
name: acylglycerol metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving acylglycerol, any mono-, di- or triester of glycerol with (one or more) fatty acids." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006640
name: monoacylglycerol biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monoacylglycerol, any ester of glycerol in which any one of its hydroxyl groups has been acylated with a fatty acid, the other being non-esterified." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006641
name: triglyceride metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving triglyceride, any triester of glycerol. The three fatty acid residues may all be the same or differ in any permutation. Triglycerides are important components of plant oils, animal fats and animal plasma lipoproteins." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006642
name: triglyceride mobilization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The release of triglycerides, any triester of glycerol, from storage within cells or tissues, making them available for metabolism." [GOC:mah, PMID:11943743, PMID:15713625]


id: GO:0006643
name: membrane lipid metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006644
name: phospholipid metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006646
name: phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006647
name: phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine (PMME), a derivative of phosphatidylethanolamine with a methylated amine group." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006648
name: dihydrosphingosine-1-P pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthetic process that proceeds via the enzymatic action of dihydrosphingosine phosphate lyase." [GOC:mah, PMID:15643073]


id: GO:0006649
name: phospholipid transfer to membrane
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The transfer of a phospholipid from its site of synthesis to the plasma membrane." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006650
name: glycerophospholipid metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006651
name: diacylglycerol biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diacylglycerol, a glyceride in which any two of the R groups (positions not specified) are acyl groups while the remaining R group can be either H or an alkyl group." [CHEBI:18035, GOC:curators]


id: GO:0006653
name: 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving any 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, the compounds most commonly designated lecithin." [CHEBI:16110, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006654
name: phosphatidic acid biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidic acid, any derivative of glycerol phosphate in which both the remaining hydroxyl groups of the glycerol moiety are esterified with fatty acids." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006655
name: phosphatidylglycerol biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylglycerols, any of a class of phospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of glycerol." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006656
name: phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006657
name: CDP-choline pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process that begins with the phosphorylation of choline and ends with the combination of CDP-choline with diacylglycerol to form phosphatidylcholine." [ISBN:0471331309, MetaCyc:PWY3O-450]


id: GO:0006658
name: phosphatidylserine metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine. They are important constituents of cell membranes." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006659
name: phosphatidylserine biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006660
name: phosphatidylserine catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006661
name: phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid in which the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol." [CHEBI:28874, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006662
name: glycerol ether metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol ethers, any anhydride formed between two organic hydroxy compounds, one of which is glycerol." [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006663
name: platelet activating factor biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of platelet activating factor, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine, where alkyl = hexadecyl or octadecyl. Platelet activating factor is an inflammatory mediator released from a variety of cells in response to various stimuli." [ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0006664
name: glycolipid metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycolipids, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide). Some substances classified as bacterial glycolipids have the sugar group acylated by one or more fatty acids and the glycerol group may be absent." [CHEBI:33563, ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0006665
name: sphingolipid metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid)." [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006666
name: 3-keto-sphinganine metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3-keto-sphinganine, a derivative of sphinganine with a ketone group at C3. It is an intermediate in the synthesis of sphingosine." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006667
name: sphinganine metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphinganine, D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol." [http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/lipid/lip1n2.html#p18]


id: GO:0006668
name: sphinganine-1-phosphate metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphinganine-1-phosphate, the phosphorylated derivative of D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006669
name: sphinganine-1-phosphate biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphinganine-1-phosphate, the phosphorylated derivative of D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006670
name: sphingosine metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingosine (sphing-4-enine), trans-D-erytho-2-amino-octadec-4-ene-1,3-diol, a long chain amino diol sphingoid base that occurs in most sphingolipids in animal tissues." [GOC:ma, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006671
name: phytosphingosine metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytosphingosine, (2S,3S,4R)-2-aminooctadecane-1,3,4-triol, a constituent of many plant sphingolipids." [CHEBI:46961, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006672
name: ceramide metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving ceramides, any N-acylated sphingoid." [ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0006673
name: inositolphosphoceramide metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositolphosphoceramides, any lipid with a phosphodiester bridge between an inositol residue and the ceramide group." [http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/misc/glylp.html]


id: GO:0006675
name: mannosyl-inositol phosphorylceramide metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannosyl-inositol phosphorylceramide, any lipid with a phosphodiester bridge between an inositol residue and the ceramide group which contains a phosphoryl (-P(O)=) groups and a mannose derivative." [GOC:ai, MetaCyc:MIPC]


id: GO:0006676
name: mannosyl diphosphorylinositol ceramide metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannosyl diphosphorylinositol ceramide, any lipid with a phosphodiester bridge between an inositol residue and the ceramide group which contains two phosphoryl (-P(O)=) groups and a mannose derivative." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006677
name: glycosylceramide metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide (or derivative) by a ceramide group." [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006678
name: glucosylceramide metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group. They are neutral glycolipids containing equimolar amounts of fatty acid, glucose, and sphingosine or a sphingosine derivative." [CHEBI:36500, GOC:curators, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006679
name: glucosylceramide biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006680
name: glucosylceramide catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006681
name: galactosylceramide metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of galactose by a ceramide group." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006682
name: galactosylceramide biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galactosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of galactose by a ceramide group." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006683
name: galactosylceramide catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of galactose by a ceramide group." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006684
name: sphingomyelin metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine, any of a class of phospholipids in which the amino group of sphingosine is in amide linkage with one of several fatty acids, while the terminal hydroxyl group of sphingosine is esterified to phosphorylcholine." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006685
name: sphingomyelin catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006686
name: sphingomyelin biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006687
name: glycosphingolipid metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosphingolipids, any compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide." [ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0006688
name: glycosphingolipid biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006689
name: ganglioside catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ganglioside, a ceramide oligosaccharide carrying, in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic residues." [ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0006690
name: icosanoid metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids." [GOC:ma]


id: GO:0006691
name: leukotriene metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid." [GOC:ma]


id: GO:0006692
name: prostanoid metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving prostanoids, any compound based on or derived from the prostanoate structure." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006693
name: prostaglandin metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring due to the formation of a bond between two carbons of a fatty acid. They have a wide range of biological activities." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006694
name: steroid biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006695
name: cholesterol biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006696
name: ergosterol biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ergosterol, (22E)-ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-beta-ol, a sterol found in ergot, yeast and moulds." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006697
name: ecdysone biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ecdysone, (22R)-2-beta,3-beta,14,22,25-pentahydroxycholest-7-en-6-one, an ecdysteroid found in insects." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006698
name: obsolete ecdysone modification
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. The covalent or conformational alteration of ecdysone, resulting in a change in its properties." [GOC:jl]


id: GO:0006699
name: bile acid biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006700
name: C21-steroid hormone biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006701
name: progesterone biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants." [GOC:jl, http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/]


id: GO:0006702
name: androgen biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006703
name: estrogen biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006704
name: glucocorticoid biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006705
name: mineralocorticoid biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006706
name: steroid catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006707
name: cholesterol catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006708
name: ecdysone catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ecdysone, (22R)-2-beta,3-beta,14,22,25-pentahydroxycholest-7-en-6-one, an ecdysteroid found in insects." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006709
name: progesterone catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants." [GOC:jl, http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/]


id: GO:0006710
name: androgen catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006711
name: estrogen catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006712
name: mineralocorticoid catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006713
name: glucocorticoid catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006714
name: sesquiterpenoid metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving sesquiterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with three isoprene units." [ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0006715
name: farnesol biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the sesquiterpenoid alcohol farnesol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10,dodecatrien-1-ol." [ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0006716
name: juvenile hormone metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving juvenile hormones, the three sesquiterpenoid derivatives that function to maintain the larval state of insects at molting and that may be required for other processes, e.g. oogenesis." [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0006718
name: juvenile hormone biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of juvenile hormones, the three sesquiterpenoid derivatives that function to maintain the larval state of insects at molting and that may be required for other processes, e.g. oogenesis." [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0006719
name: juvenile hormone catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of juvenile hormones, the three sesquiterpenoid derivatives that function to maintain the larval state of insects at molting and that may be required for other processes, e.g. oogenesis." [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0006720
name: isoprenoid metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprenoid compounds, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues." [ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0006721
name: terpenoid metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving terpenoids, any member of a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure and including derivatives with various functional groups." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006722
name: triterpenoid metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units." [ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0006723
name: cuticle hydrocarbon biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrocarbons that make up the cuticle, the outer layer of some animals and plants, which acts to prevent water loss." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006725
name: cellular aromatic compound metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells." [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006726
name: eye pigment biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of eye pigments, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, found or utilized in the eye." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006727
name: ommochrome biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ommochromes, any of a large group of natural polycyclic pigments commonly found in the Arthropoda, particularly in the ommatidia of the compound eye." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006728
name: pteridine biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pteridine, pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine), the parent structure of pterins and the pteroyl group." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006729
name: tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetrahydrobiopterin, the reduced form of biopterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-pteridine). It functions as a hydroxylation coenzyme, e.g. in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine." [CHEBI:15372, GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006730
name: one-carbon metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving the transfer of one-carbon units in various oxidation states." [GOC:hjd, GOC:mah, GOC:pde]


id: GO:0006732
name: coenzyme metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzymes, any of various nonprotein organic cofactors that are required, in addition to an enzyme and a substrate, for an enzymatic reaction to proceed." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006733
name: oxidoreduction coenzyme metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzymes that are required, in addition to an enzyme and a substrate, for an oxidoreductase reaction to proceed." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006734
name: NADH metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid." [GOC:jl, ISBN:0618254153]


id: GO:0006738
name: nicotinamide riboside catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nicotinamide riboside, the product of the formation of a glycosidic bond between ribose and nicotinamide." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006739
name: NADP metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; metabolism may be of either the oxidized form, NADP, or the reduced form, NADPH." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006741
name: NADP biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NADP, or the reduced form, NADPH." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006742
name: NADP catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; catabolism may be of either the oxidized form, NADP, or the reduced form, NADPH." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006743
name: ubiquinone metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006744
name: ubiquinone biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006746
name: FADH2 metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving the reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide." [CHEBI:17877, GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006747
name: FAD biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of FAD, the oxidized form of flavin-adenine dinucleotide." [CHEBI:16238, GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006748
name: lipoamide metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoamide, the functional form of lipoic acid in which the carboxyl group is attached to protein by an amide linkage to a lysine amino group." [CHEBI:17460, GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006749
name: glutathione metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins; it has a specific role in the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxidized ascorbate, and it participates in the gamma-glutamyl cycle." [CHEBI:16856, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006750
name: glutathione biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins." [CHEBI:16856, GOC:ai, GOC:al, GOC:pde, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006751
name: glutathione catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins." [CHEBI:16856, GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006754
name: ATP biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator." [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006756
name: AMP phosphorylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of introducing a phosphate group into AMP, adenosine monophosphate, to produce ADP. Addition of two phosphate groups produces ATP." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006757
name: ATP generation from ADP
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of introducing a phosphate group into ADP, adenosine diphosphate, to produce ATP." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006760
name: folic acid-containing compound metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving a folic acid-containing compound, i.e. any of a group of heterocyclic compounds based on the pteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units." [CHEBI:37445, GOC:ai, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006761
name: dihydrofolate biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dihydrofolate, the dihydroxylated derivative of folate." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006766
name: vitamin metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamins. Vitamin is a general term for a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body. Vitamins may be water-soluble or fat-soluble and usually serve as components of coenzyme systems." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006767
name: water-soluble vitamin metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in water." [GOC:jl]


id: GO:0006768
name: biotin metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving biotin, cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid; the (+) enantiomer is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006769
name: nicotinamide metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide, pyridine-3-carboxamide, the amide of nicotinic acid. It is a member of the B complex of vitamins and occurs widely in living organisms." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006771
name: riboflavin metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving riboflavin (vitamin B2), the precursor for the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)." [GOC:jl, http://www.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/vitamins.html]


id: GO:0006772
name: thiamine metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving thiamine (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver." [CHEBI:18385, GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006775
name: fat-soluble vitamin metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in organic solvents and relatively insoluble in water." [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006776
name: vitamin A metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the vitamin A compounds, retinol, retinal (retinaldehyde) and retinoic acid, all of which are derivatives of beta-carotene." [GOC:jl, http://www.dentistry.leeds.ac.uk/biochem/thcme/vitamins.html#k]


id: GO:0006777
name: Mo-molybdopterin cofactor biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the Mo-molybdopterin cofactor, essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo) ion coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands." [http://www.sunysb.edu/biochem/BIOCHEM/facultypages/schindelin/, ISSN:09498257, PMID:22370186, PMID:23201473]


id: GO:0006778
name: porphyrin-containing compound metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrins consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group." [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006779
name: porphyrin-containing compound biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrin consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group." [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006781
name: succinyl-CoA pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions that utilize succinyl-CoA in the synthesis of protoporphyrin IX." [GOC:isa_complete, ISBN:0879010479]


id: GO:0006782
name: protoporphyrinogen IX biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of protoporphyrinogen IX." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006783
name: heme biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, from less complex precursors." [GOC:jl]


id: GO:0006784
name: heme a biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme a, a derivative of heme found in cytochrome aa3." [CHEBI:24479, GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006785
name: heme b biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme b, a Fe(II) porphyrin complex readily isolated from the hemoglobin of beef blood, but also found in other proteins including other hemoglobins, myoglobins, cytochromes P-450, catalases, peroxidases as well as b type cytochromes." [GOC:yaf, http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/bioinorg/PR.html#25, UniPathway:UPA00252]


id: GO:0006786
name: heme c biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme c, a derivative of heme found in cytochromes c, b4, and f." [GOC:curators, PubChem_Compound:122208]


id: GO:0006787
name: porphyrin-containing compound catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrin consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group." [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006788
name: heme oxidation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the loss of electrons from one or more atoms in heme." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006789
name: bilirubin conjugation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bilirubin monoglucuronide or bilirubin diglucuronide, water-soluble derivatives of bilirubin." [DOI:10.1016/0305-0491(80)90243-6]


id: GO:0006790
name: sulfur compound metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006791
name: sulfur utilization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A series of processes that forms an integrated mechanism by which a cell or an organism detects the depletion of primary sulfur sources and then activates genes to scavenge the last traces of the primary sulfur source and to transport and metabolize alternate sulfur sources. The utilization process begins when the cell or organism detects sulfur levels, includes the activation of genes whose products detect, transport or metabolize sulfur-containing compounds, and ends when the sulfur is incorporated into the cell or organism's metabolism." [GOC:mah, GOC:mlg]


id: GO:0006793
name: phosphorus metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element phosphorus or compounds that contain phosphorus, usually in the form of a phosphate group (PO4)." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006794
name: phosphorus utilization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A series of processes that forms an integrated mechanism by which a cell or an organism detects the depletion of primary phosphorus source and then activates genes to scavenge the last traces of the primary phosphorus source and to transport and metabolize alternative phosphorus sources. The utilization process begins when the cell or organism detects phosphorus levels, includes the phosphorus-containing substances, and ends when phosphorus is incorporated into the cell or organism's metabolism." [GOC:mah, GOC:mlg]


id: GO:0006795
name: regulation of phosphorus utilization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphorus utilization." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006796
name: phosphate-containing compound metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006797
name: polyphosphate metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polyphosphate, the anion or salt of polyphosphoric acid." [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006798
name: polyphosphate catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a polyphosphate, the anion or salt of polyphosphoric acid." [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006799
name: polyphosphate biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polyphosphate, the anion or salt of polyphosphoric acid." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006800
name: obsolete oxygen and reactive oxygen species metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways involving dioxygen (O2), or any of the reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (-OH)." [GOC:jl, PMID:12115731]


id: GO:0006801
name: superoxide metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species." [CHEBI:18421, GOC:jl]


id: GO:0006802
name: obsolete catalase reaction
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. The processes involved in the induction or activation of catalase, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of H2O2 into H2O." [GOC:jl, PMID:11245904]


id: GO:0006805
name: xenobiotic metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to living organisms. Used of chemical compounds, e.g. a xenobiotic chemical, such as a pesticide." [GOC:cab2]


id: GO:0006807
name: nitrogen compound metabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen, including (but not limited to) nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium." [CHEBI:51143, GOC:go_curators, GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006808
name: regulation of nitrogen utilization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nitrogen utilization." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006809
name: nitric oxide biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006810
name: transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006811
name: ion transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006812
name: cation transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006813
name: potassium ion transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006814
name: sodium ion transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006816
name: calcium ion transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006817
name: phosphate ion transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC:krc]


id: GO:0006818
name: hydrogen transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of hydrogen (H2 or H+), into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC:jl]


id: GO:0006820
name: anion transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006821
name: chloride transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of chloride into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC:krc]


id: GO:0006823
name: obsolete heavy metal ion transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. The directed movement of heavy metal ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Heavy metals are those that can form a coordination bond with a protein, as opposed to an alkali or alkaline-earth metal that can only form an ionic bond; this definition includes the following biologically relevant heavy metals: Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, V, W, Zn." [GOC:kd, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006824
name: cobalt ion transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of cobalt (Co) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006825
name: copper ion transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of copper (Cu) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006826
name: iron ion transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of iron (Fe) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006827
name: high-affinity iron ion transmembrane transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A process in which an iron ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006828
name: manganese ion transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of manganese (Mn) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006829
name: zinc II ion transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of zinc (Zn II) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006830
name: high-affinity zinc II ion transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed, high-affinity movement of zinc (Zn II) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006831
name: low-affinity zinc II ion transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed, low-affinity movement of zinc (Zn II) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. In low-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is only present at very low concentrations." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006833
name: water transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of water (H2O) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006835
name: dicarboxylic acid transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of dicarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC:krc]


id: GO:0006836
name: neurotransmitter transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006837
name: serotonin transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of serotonin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006840
name: obsolete mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate/malate transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. The directed movement of alpha-ketoglutarate and malate into, out of or within a mitochondrion." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006842
name: tricarboxylic acid transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of tricarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC:krc]


id: GO:0006843
name: mitochondrial citrate transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate, into, out of or within a mitochondrion." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006844
name: acyl carnitine transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of acyl carnitine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Acyl carnitine is the condensation product of a carboxylic acid and carnitine and is the transport form for a fatty acid crossing the mitochondrial membrane." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006845
name: obsolete mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. The directed movement of aspartate and glutamate into, out of or within a mitochondrion." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006846
name: acetate transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of acetate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC:krc]


id: GO:0006848
name: pyruvate transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of pyruvate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC:krc]


id: GO:0006850
name: mitochondrial pyruvate transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate, into, out of or within a mitochondrion." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006853
name: carnitine shuttle
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The transfer of acyl groups to and from acyl-CoA molecules to form O-acylcarnitine, which can exchange across the mitochondrial inner membrane with unacylated carnitine." [ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0006855
name: drug transmembrane transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process in which a drug is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC:ai, GOC:bf]


id: GO:0006856
name: eye pigment precursor transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of eye pigment precursors, the inactive forms of visual pigments, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006857
name: oligopeptide transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of oligopeptides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006862
name: nucleotide transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006863
name: purine nucleobase transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of purine bases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [CHEBI:26386, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006864
name: pyrimidine nucleotide transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of a pyrimidine nucleotide, any compound consisting of a pyrimidine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006865
name: amino acid transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006867
name: asparagine transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of asparagine, alpha-aminosuccinamic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006868
name: glutamine transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006869
name: lipid transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006873
name: cellular ion homeostasis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ions at the level of a cell." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006874
name: cellular calcium ion homeostasis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions at the level of a cell." [GOC:ceb, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006875
name: cellular metal ion homeostasis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of metal ions at the level of a cell." [GOC:ai, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006876
name: cellular cadmium ion homeostasis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cadmium ions at the level of a cell." [GOC:ai, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006877
name: cellular cobalt ion homeostasis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cobalt ions at the level of a cell." [GOC:ai, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006878
name: cellular copper ion homeostasis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of copper ions at the level of a cell." [GOC:ai, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006879
name: cellular iron ion homeostasis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of iron ions at the level of a cell." [GOC:ai, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006880
name: intracellular sequestering of iron ion
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of binding or confining iron ions in an intracellular area such that they are separated from other components of a biological system." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0006881
name: extracellular sequestering of iron ion
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of binding or confining iron ions in an extracellular area such that they are separated from other components of a biological system." [GOC:ai, GOC:cjm]


id: GO:0006882
name: cellular zinc ion homeostasis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of zinc ions at the level of a cell." [GOC:ai, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006883
name: cellular sodium ion homeostasis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sodium ions at the level of a cell." [GOC:ai, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006884
name: cell volume homeostasis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process involved in maintaining the steady state of a cell's volume. The cell's volume refers to the three-dimensional space occupied by a cell." [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]


id: GO:0006885
name: regulation of pH
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of hydrogen ions, thereby modulating the internal pH, within an organism or cell." [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]


id: GO:0006886
name: intracellular protein transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006887
name: exocytosis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell. Steps that prepare vesicles for fusion with the membrane (e.g. docking and priming) are included in this process. This is the process in which most molecules are secreted from eukaryotic cells." [GOC:mah, ISBN:0716731363]


id: GO:0006888
name: ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi." [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:jp, GOC:tb, ISBN:0716731363]


id: GO:0006889
name: obsolete regulation of calcium in ER
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the concentration of calcium in the endoplasmic reticulum." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006890
name: retrograde vesicle-mediated transport, Golgi to ER
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG." [ISBN:0716731363, PMID:16510524]


id: GO:0006891
name: intra-Golgi vesicle-mediated transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by small transport vesicles. These either fuse with the cis-Golgi or with each other to form the membrane stacks known as the cis-Golgi reticulum (network)." [ISBN:0716731363]


id: GO:0006892
name: post-Golgi vesicle-mediated transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to other parts of the cell, including organelles and the plasma membrane, mediated by small transport vesicles." [GOC:ai, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006893
name: Golgi to plasma membrane transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane, where they fuse and release their contents by exocytosis." [ISBN:0716731363]


id: GO:0006894
name: obsolete Golgi to secretory vesicle transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to one of two types of secretory vesicle. Continuously secreted proteins are sorted into transport vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents by exocytosis. Specialized secretory cells have a second secretory pathway in which soluble proteins and other substances are initially stored in secretory vesicles for later release." [ISBN:0716731363]


id: GO:0006895
name: Golgi to endosome transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to early sorting endosomes. Clathrin vesicles transport substances from the trans-Golgi to endosomes." [GOC:jl, ISBN:0716731363, PMID:10873832]


id: GO:0006897
name: endocytosis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle." [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0716731363]


id: GO:0006898
name: receptor-mediated endocytosis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "An endocytosis process in which cell surface receptors ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles." [GOC:mah, ISBN:0716731363]


id: GO:0006901
name: vesicle coating
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A protein coat is added to the vesicle to form the proper shape of the vesicle and to target the vesicle for transport to its destination." [GOC:jid]


id: GO:0006903
name: vesicle targeting
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes. Targeting involves coordinated interactions among cytoskeletal elements (microtubules or actin filaments), motor proteins, molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces, and vesicle cargo." [GOC:mah, PMID:17335816]


id: GO:0006904
name: vesicle docking involved in exocytosis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The initial attachment of a vesicle membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane, that contributes to exocytosis." [GOC:jid]


id: GO:0006907
name: pinocytosis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "An endocytosis process that results in the uptake of liquid material by cells from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, called pinosomes, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006909
name: phagocytosis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "An endocytosis process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006910
name: phagocytosis, recognition
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The initial step in phagocytosis involving adhesion to bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter, or an apoptotic cell and based on recognition of factors such as bacterial cell wall components, opsonins like complement and antibody or protein receptors and lipids like phosphatidyl serine, and leading to intracellular signaling in the phagocytosing cell." [GOC:curators, ISBN:0781735149]


id: GO:0006911
name: phagocytosis, engulfment
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, including the membrane and cytoskeletal processes required, which involves one of three mechanisms: zippering of pseudopods around a target via repeated receptor-ligand interactions, sinking of the target directly into plasma membrane of the phagocytosing cell, or induced uptake via an enhanced membrane ruffling of the phagocytosing cell similar to macropinocytosis." [GOC:curators, ISBN:0781735149]


id: GO:0006914
name: autophagy
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation." [GOC:autophagy, ISBN:0198547684, PMID:11099404, PMID:9412464]


id: GO:0006915
name: apoptotic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died." [GOC:cjm, GOC:dhl, GOC:ecd, GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:tb, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:18846107, PMID:21494263]


id: GO:0006919
name: activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase in the context of an apoptotic process." [GOC:al, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:tb, PMID:14744432, PMID:18328827, Wikipedia:Caspase]


id: GO:0006921
name: cellular component disassembly involved in execution phase of apoptosis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The breakdown of structures such as organelles, proteins, or other macromolecular structures during apoptosis." [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:tb]


id: GO:0006922
name: obsolete cleavage of lamin involved in execution phase of apoptosis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. The proteolytic degradation of lamins during apoptosis, leading to the irreversible breakdown of the nuclear lamina." [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, ISBN:0815332181]


id: GO:0006923
name: obsolete cleavage of cytoskeletal proteins involved in execution phase of apoptosis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. The proteolytic degradation of cytoskeletal proteins that contributes to apoptosis, leading to the collapse of cytoskeletal structures." [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:tb, ISBN:0815332181]


id: GO:0006924
name: activation-induced cell death of T cells
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A T cell apoptotic process that occurs towards the end of the expansion phase following the initial activation of mature T cells by antigen and is triggered by T cell receptor stimulation and signals transmitted via various surface-expressed members of the TNF receptor family such as Fas ligand, Fas, and TNF and the p55 and p75 TNF receptors." [GOC:add, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, ISBN:0781765196, PMID:12414721, PMID:12752672]


id: GO:0006925
name: inflammatory cell apoptotic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any apoptotic process in an inflammatory cell, any cell participating in the inflammatory response to a foreign substance e.g. neutrophil, macrophage." [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, http://www.mercksource.com/]


id: GO:0006927
name: transformed cell apoptotic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any apoptotic process in a transformed cell, a cell that has undergone changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm." [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, MeSH:C04.697.152]


id: GO:0006928
name: movement of cell or subcellular component
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed, self-propelled movement of a cell or subcellular component without the involvement of an external agent such as a transporter or a pore." [GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mlg]


id: GO:0006929
name: substrate-dependent cell migration
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another along a substrate such as the extracellular matrix; the migrating cell forms a protrusion that attaches to the substrate." [ISBN:0815316194, PMID:11944043, PMID:14657486]


id: GO:0006930
name: substrate-dependent cell migration, cell extension
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The formation of a cell surface protrusion, such as a lamellipodium or filopodium, at the leading edge of a migrating cell." [ISBN:0815316194, PMID:11944043, PMID:14657486]


id: GO:0006931
name: substrate-dependent cell migration, cell attachment to substrate
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The formation of adhesions that stabilize protrusions at the leading edge of a migrating cell; involves integrin activation, clustering, and the recruitment of structural and signaling components to nascent adhesions." [ISBN:0815316194, PMID:11944043, PMID:14657486]


id: GO:0006932
name: substrate-dependent cell migration, cell contraction
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The translocation of the cell body forward during cell migration, mediated by tractional force on its substrate and tension in the cortical cytoskeleton. Adhesions transmit propulsive forces and serve as traction points over which the cell moves." [ISBN:0815316194, PMID:11944043, PMID:14657486]


id: GO:0006933
name: negative regulation of cell adhesion involved in substrate-bound cell migration
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The disassembly of adhesions at the front and rear of a migrating cell. At the leading edge, adhesion disassembly accompanies the formation of new protrusions; at the cell rear, it promotes tail retraction." [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, ISBN:0815316194, PMID:11944043, PMID:14657486]


id: GO:0006934
name: substrate-bound cell migration, adhesion receptor recycling
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of accumulated adhesion components such as integrins from the rear of a migrating cell toward the cell front, where they are available to form new protrusions and adhesions." [PMID:11944043]


id: GO:0006935
name: chemotaxis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis)." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006936
name: muscle contraction
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A process in which force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis." [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006939
name: smooth muscle contraction
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length." [GOC:ef, GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_muscle, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006940
name: regulation of smooth muscle contraction
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006941
name: striated muscle contraction
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A process in which force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in the shortening of the muscle. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope." [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_muscle, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006942
name: regulation of striated muscle contraction
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006943
name: obsolete chemi-mechanical coupling
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. The conversion of chemical energy into mechanical work (as in the contraction of a muscle)." [GOC:jid, http://www.m-w.com]


id: GO:0006945
name: obsolete nuclear fusion during karyogamy
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. The fusion of two haploid nuclei to form a single diploid nucleus, as seen in the yeast mating process." [PMID:9442101]


id: GO:0006949
name: syncytium formation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane. Syncytia are normally derived from single cells that fuse or fail to complete cell division." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006950
name: response to stress
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation)." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006952
name: defense response
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006953
name: acute-phase response
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "An acute inflammatory response that involves non-antibody proteins whose concentrations in the plasma increase in response to infection or injury of homeothermic animals." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006954
name: inflammatory response
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages." [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:mtg_15nov05, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006955
name: immune response
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat." [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:mtg_15nov05]


id: GO:0006956
name: complement activation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the complement cascade, which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes; the initial steps of complement activation involve one of three pathways, the classical pathway, the alternative pathway, and the lectin pathway, all of which lead to the terminal complement pathway." [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:mtg_15nov05, ISBN:0781735149]


id: GO:0006957
name: complement activation, alternative pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes." [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


id: GO:0006958
name: complement activation, classical pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the classical pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes." [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


id: GO:0006962
name: male-specific antibacterial humoral response
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "An immune response against bacteria, specific to males and mediated through a body fluid." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006963
name: positive regulation of antibacterial peptide biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide biosynthesis." [GOC:mah, PMID:10973475]


id: GO:0006964
namespace: biological_process
name:
  positive regulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-negative bacteria

def:
  "Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of biosynthesis of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-negative bacteria." [GOC:mah, PMID:10973475]


id: GO:0006965
namespace: biological_process
name:
  positive regulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria

def:
  "Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of biosynthesis of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria." [GOC:mah, PMID:10973475]


id: GO:0006967
name: positive regulation of antifungal peptide biosynthetic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide biosynthesis." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006970
name: response to osmotic stress
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell." [GOC:jl]


id: GO:0006971
name: hypotonic response
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hypotonic environment, i.e. an environment with a lower concentration of solutes than the organism or cell." [GOC:jl, PMID:12598593]


id: GO:0006972
name: hyperosmotic response
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hyperosmotic environment, i.e. an environment with a higher concentration of solutes than the organism or cell." [GOC:jl, PMID:12142009]


id: GO:0006973
name: intracellular accumulation of glycerol
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The accumulation of glycerol within a cell, for example by increased glycerol biosynthesis combined with decreased permeability of the cell membrane to glycerol, in response to the detection of a hyperosmotic environment." [GOC:jl, PMID:11752666]


id: GO:0006974
name: cellular response to DNA damage stimulus
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006975
name: DNA damage induced protein phosphorylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The widespread phosphorylation of various molecules, triggering many downstream processes, that occurs in response to the detection of DNA damage." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006977
name: DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the stopping or reduction in rate of the cell cycle." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0006978
namespace: biological_process
name:
  DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator

def:
  "A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, resulting in the induction of the transcription of p21 (also known as WAF1, CIP1 and SDI1) or any equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage." [PMID:10967424]


id: GO:0006979
name: response to oxidative stress
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals." [GOC:jl, PMID:12115731]


id: GO:0006981
name: activation of SoxR protein
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The conversion of the SoxR transcription factor to its active (oxidized) form." [GOC:jl, PMID:8816757]


id: GO:0006982
name: response to lipid hydroperoxide
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid hydroperoxide stimulus. Lipid hydroperoxide is the highly reactive primary oxygenated products of polyunsaturated fatty acids." [GOC:jl, PMID:10944149]


id: GO:0006983
name: ER overload response
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The series of molecular signals generated by the accumulation of normal or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and leading to activation of transcription by NF-kappaB." [PMID:10390516]


id: GO:0006984
name: ER-nucleus signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any series of molecular signals that conveys information from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus, usually resulting in a change in transcriptional regulation." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006985
name: positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity by ER overload response
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The conversion of inactive NF-kappaB to the active form, thereby allowing it to activate transcription of target genes, as a result of signaling from the endoplasmic reticulum." [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb, PMID:10390516]


id: GO:0006986
name: response to unfolded protein
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus." [GOC:jl]


id: GO:0006987
name: activation of signaling protein activity involved in unfolded protein response
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The conversion of a specific protein, possessing protein kinase and endoribonuclease activities, to an active form as a result of signaling via the unfolded protein response." [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb, PMID:12042763]


id: GO:0006988
namespace: biological_process
def: "OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete)." [GOC:mah]
name:
  obsolete unfolded protein response, cleavage of primary transcript encoding UFP-specific transcription factor


id: GO:0006989
namespace: biological_process
def: "OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete)." [GOC:mah]
name:
  obsolete unfolded protein response, ligation of mRNA encoding UFP-specific transcription factor by RNA ligase


id: GO:0006990
namespace: biological_process
name:
  positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in unfolded protein response

def:
  "The activation of genes whose promoters contain a specific sequence elements such as the unfolded protein response element (UPRE; consensus CAGCGTG) or the ER stress-response element (ERSE; CCAAN(N)9CCACG), as a result of signaling via the unfolded protein response." [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb, GOC:txnOH, PMID:12042763]


id: GO:0006991
name: response to sterol depletion
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating deprivation of sterols. Sterols are a group of steroids characterized by the presence of one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule." [GOC:bf, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0006995
name: cellular response to nitrogen starvation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of nitrogen." [GOC:jl]


id: GO:0006996
name: organelle organization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006997
name: nucleus organization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus." [GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006998
name: nuclear envelope organization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear envelope." [GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0006999
name: nuclear pore organization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear pore." [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007000
name: nucleolus organization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleolus." [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007004
name: telomere maintenance via telomerase
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The maintenance of proper telomeric length by the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase." [GOC:elh]


id: GO:0007005
name: mitochondrion organization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components." [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah, GOC:sgd_curators, PMID:9786946]


id: GO:0007006
name: mitochondrial membrane organization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrial membrane, either of the lipid bilayer surrounding a mitochondrion." [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007007
name: inner mitochondrial membrane organization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the mitochondrial inner membrane." [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007008
name: outer mitochondrial membrane organization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the mitochondrial outer membrane." [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007009
name: plasma membrane organization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the plasma membrane." [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007010
name: cytoskeleton organization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures." [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007011
name: obsolete regulation of cytoskeleton
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the organization, biogenesis or maintenance of the cytoskeleton." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0007015
name: actin filament organization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments. Includes processes that control the spatial distribution of actin filaments, such as organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007016
name: cytoskeletal anchoring at plasma membrane
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A cytoskeleton organization process that directly or indirectly links cytoskeletal filaments to the plasma membrane." [ISBN:0198599323]


id: GO:0007017
name: microtubule-based process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007018
name: microtubule-based movement
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A microtubule-based process that is mediated by motor proteins and results in the movement of organelles, other microtubules, or other particles along microtubules." [GOC:cjm, ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0007020
name: microtubule nucleation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process in which tubulin alpha-beta heterodimers begin aggregation to form an oligomeric tubulin structure (a microtubule seed). Microtubule nucleation is the initiating step in the formation of a microtubule in the absence of any existing microtubules ('de novo' microtubule formation)." [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0815316194, PMID:12517712]


id: GO:0007021
name: tubulin complex assembly
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The aggregation and bonding together of alpha- and beta-tubulin to form a tubulin heterodimer." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007023
name: post-chaperonin tubulin folding pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Completion of folding of alpha- and beta-tubulin; takes place subsequent to chaperonin-mediated partial folding; mediated by a complex of folding cofactors." [PMID:10542094]


id: GO:0007026
name: negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol." [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0007027
name: negative regulation of axonemal microtubule depolymerization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the depolymerization of the specialized microtubules of the axoneme." [GOC:dph, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007028
name: cytoplasm organization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures." [GOC:curators, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007029
name: endoplasmic reticulum organization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum." [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007030
name: Golgi organization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus." [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007031
name: peroxisome organization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a peroxisome. A peroxisome is a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007032
name: endosome organization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of endosomes." [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007033
name: vacuole organization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007035
name: vacuolar acidification
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that reduces the pH of the vacuole, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion." [GOC:jid]


id: GO:0007036
name: vacuolar calcium ion homeostasis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions in the vacuole or between a vacuole and its surroundings." [GOC:ai, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007039
name: protein catabolic process in the vacuole
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein in the vacuole, usually by the action of vacuolar proteases." [GOC:mah, GOC:vw]


id: GO:0007040
name: lysosome organization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosome. A lysosome is a cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded organelle that is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007042
name: lysosomal lumen acidification
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that reduces the pH of the lysosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion." [GOC:jid]


id: GO:0007043
name: cell-cell junction assembly
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between cells." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0007044
name: cell-substrate junction assembly
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between a cell and its substrate." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007045
name: cell-substrate adherens junction assembly
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The aggregation, arrangement, and bonding together of a set of components to form a cell-substrate adherens junction." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007049
name: cell cycle
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division." [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


id: GO:0007050
name: cell cycle arrest
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A regulatory process that halts progression through the cell cycle during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M)." [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb]


id: GO:0007051
name: spindle organization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during DNA segregation and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007052
name: mitotic spindle organization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007053
name: spindle assembly involved in male meiosis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during a meiotic cell cycle in males. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007054
name: spindle assembly involved in male meiosis I
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The formation of the spindle during meiosis I of a meiotic cell cycle in males. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007055
name: spindle assembly involved in male meiosis II
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The formation of the spindle during meiosis II of a meiotic cell cycle in males. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007056
name: spindle assembly involved in female meiosis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007057
name: spindle assembly involved in female meiosis I
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during meiosis I of a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007058
name: spindle assembly involved in female meiosis II
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during meiosis II of a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007059
name: chromosome segregation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles." [GOC:jl, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_cell_cycle, GOC:vw]


id: GO:0007060
name: male meiosis chromosome segregation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cell cycle process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during the meiotic cell cycle in a male." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0007062
name: sister chromatid cohesion
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cell cycle process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are associated with each other." [GOC:jh, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0007063
name: regulation of sister chromatid cohesion
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid cohesion." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0007064
name: mitotic sister chromatid cohesion
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cell cycle process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are joined along the entire length of the chromosome, from their formation in S phase through metaphase during a mitotic cell cycle. This cohesion cycle is critical for high fidelity chromosome transmission." [GOC:ai, GOC:rn, PMID:10827941, PMID:11389843, PMID:14623866]


id: GO:0007065
name: male meiosis sister chromatid cohesion
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The joining of the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome along the entire length of the chromosome that occurs during meiosis in a male." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0007066
name: female meiosis sister chromatid cohesion
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The joining of the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome along the entire length of the chromosome that occurs during meiosis in a female." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0007067
name: mitotic nuclear division
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides; the process involves condensation of chromosomal DNA into a highly compacted form. Canonically, mitosis produces two daughter nuclei whose chromosome complement is identical to that of the mother cell." [GOC:dph, GOC:ma, GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0007068
name: negative regulation of transcription during mitosis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription during mitosis." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0007069
name: negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter during mitosis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter during mitosis." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0007070
name: negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter during mitosis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter during mitosis." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0007071
name: negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter during mitosis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase III promoter during mitosis." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0007072
name: positive regulation of transcription involved in exit from mitosis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription as the cell leaves M phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place." [GOC:dph, GOC:isa_complete, GOC:tb]


id: GO:0007073
name: positive regulation of transcription involved in exit from mitosis, from RNA polymerase I promoter
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter as the cell leaves M phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place." [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


id: GO:0007074
name: positive regulation of transcription involved in exit from mitosis, from RNA polymerase II promoter
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as the cell leaves M phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place." [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


id: GO:0007075
namespace: biological_process
name:
  positive regulation of transcription involved in exit from mitosis, from RNA polymerase III promoter

def:
  "Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase III promoter as the cell leaves M phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place." [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


id: GO:0007076
name: mitotic chromosome condensation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cell cycle process in which chromatin structure is compacted prior to and during mitosis in eukaryotic cells." [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0007077
name: mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cell cycle process in which the controlled breakdown of the nuclear envelope during mitotic cell division occurs." [GOC:bf]


id: GO:0007079
name: mitotic chromosome movement towards spindle pole
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cell cycle process in which the directed movement of chromosomes from the center of the spindle towards the spindle poles occurs. This mediates by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromosomes, during mitosis." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0007080
name: mitotic metaphase plate congression
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cell cycle process in which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate, a plane halfway between the poles of the mitotic spindle, during mitosis." [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0007083
name: mitotic chromosome decondensation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cell cycle process in which chromosome structure is altered from the condensed form taken on during mitosis to the relaxed disperse form held in resting cells." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0007084
name: mitotic nuclear envelope reassembly
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cell cycle process that results in reformation of the nuclear envelope during mitotic cell division." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0007086
name: vesicle fusion with nuclear membrane involved in mitotic nuclear envelope reassembly
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cell cycle process that results in the joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a vesicle with the lipid bilayer membrane around the nucleus, and contributes to mitotic nuclear envelope reassembly." [GOC:jid, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007087
name: mitotic nuclear pore complex reassembly
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cell cycle process in which nuclear pore complexes reform during mitotic cell division." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0007089
name: traversing start control point of mitotic cell cycle
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A cell cycle process by which a cell commits to entering S phase via a positive feedback mechanism between the regulation of transcription and G1 CDK activity." [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


id: GO:0007090
name: obsolete regulation of S phase of mitotic cell cycle
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. A cell cycle process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the progression through the S phase of the mitotic cell cycle." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0007091
name: metaphase/anaphase transition of mitotic cell cycle
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin." [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle, PMID:10465783]


id: GO:0007092
name: activation of APC-Cdc20 complex activity
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that initiates the ubiquitin ligase activity of the APC-Cdc20 complex that regulates the mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition." [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb, PMID:10871297]


id: GO:0007093
name: mitotic cell cycle checkpoint
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A cell cycle checkpoint that ensures accurate chromosome replication and segregation by preventing progression through a mitotic cell cycle until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage." [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


id: GO:0007094
name: mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a mitotic nuclear division until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle." [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle, PMID:12360190]


id: GO:0007095
name: mitotic G2 DNA damage checkpoint
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression through the G2/M transition of the cell cycle in response to DNA damage." [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


id: GO:0007096
name: regulation of exit from mitosis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process involved in the progression from anaphase/telophase to G1 that is associated with a conversion from high to low mitotic CDK activity." [GOC:rn]


id: GO:0007098
name: centrosome cycle
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cell cycle process in which centrosome duplication and separation takes place. The centrosome cycle can operate with a considerable degree of independence from other processes of the cell cycle." [ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0007099
name: centriole replication
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cell cycle process in which a daughter centriole is formed perpendicular to an existing centriole. An immature centriole contains a ninefold radially symmetric array of single microtubules; mature centrioles consist of a radial array of nine microtubule triplets, doublets, or singlets depending upon the species and cell type." [GOC:kmv, ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0007100
name: mitotic centrosome separation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Separation of duplicated centrosome components at the beginning of mitosis. The centriole pair within each centrosome becomes part of a separate microtubule organizing center that nucleates a radial array of microtubules called an aster. The two asters move to opposite sides of the nucleus to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle." [ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0007101
name: male meiosis centrosome cycle
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Centrosome duplication and separation in the context of a meiotic cell cycle in a male organism." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007107
name: membrane addition at site of cytokinesis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process involved in the net addition of membrane at the site of cytokinesis; includes vesicle recruitment and fusion, local lipid synthesis and insertion." [GOC:clt]


id: GO:0007109
name: obsolete cytokinesis, completion of separation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. The process of finishing cell separation, which results in two physically separated cells." [GOC:clt, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


id: GO:0007110
name: meiosis I cytokinesis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after meiosis I, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells." [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


id: GO:0007111
name: meiosis II cytokinesis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after meiosis II, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells." [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


id: GO:0007112
name: male meiosis cytokinesis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A cell cycle process that occurs as part of the male meiotic cell cycle and results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell to produce two daughter cells." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0007113
name: endomitotic cell cycle
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A mitotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are replicated and sister chromatids separate, but spindle formation, nuclear membrane breakdown and nuclear division do not occur, resulting in an increased number of chromosomes in the cell." [GOC:curators, GOC:dos, GOC:expert_vm]


id: GO:0007114
name: cell budding
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A form of asexual reproduction, occurring in certain bacteria and fungi (e.g. yeasts) and some primitive animals in which an individual arises from a daughter cell formed by pinching off a part of the parent cell. The budlike outgrowths so formed may sometimes remain attached to the parent cell." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0007116
name: regulation of cell budding
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and growth of cell buds." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007117
name: budding cell bud growth
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process in which the bud portion of a cell that reproduces by budding irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0007119
name: budding cell isotropic bud growth
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Unlocalized bud growth such that the entire surface of the bud expands evenly, in a cell that reproduces by budding." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0007120
name: axial cellular bud site selection
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of defining the next site of bud emergence adjacent to the last site of bud emergence on a budding cell." [GOC:clt]


id: GO:0007121
name: bipolar cellular bud site selection
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of defining subsequent sites of bud emergence such that budding takes place at alternating poles of a budding cell." [GOC:clt]


id: GO:0007124
name: pseudohyphal growth
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A pattern of cell growth that occurs in conditions of nitrogen limitation and abundant fermentable carbon source. Cells become elongated, switch to a unipolar budding pattern, remain physically attached to each other, and invade the growth substrate." [GOC:krc, PMID:11104818]


id: GO:0007126
name: meiotic nuclear division
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "One of the two nuclear divisions that occur as part of the meiotic cell cycle." [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, PMID:9334324]


id: GO:0007127
name: meiosis I
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The first meiotic nuclear division in which homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other, producing two haploid daughter nuclei." [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_cell_cycle, PMID:9334324]


id: GO:0007128
name: meiotic prophase I
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cell cycle phase which is the first stage of meiosis I and during which chromosomes condense and the two daughter centrioles and their asters migrate toward the poles of the cell." [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


id: GO:0007129
name: synapsis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The meiotic cell cycle process where side by side pairing and physical juxtaposition of homologous chromosomes is created during meiotic prophase. Synapsis begins when the chromosome arms begin to pair from the clustered telomeres and ends when synaptonemal complex or linear element assembly is complete." [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle, PMID:22582262, PMID:23117617]


id: GO:0007130
name: synaptonemal complex assembly
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cell cycle process in which the synaptonemal complex is formed. This is a structure that holds paired chromosomes together during prophase I of meiosis and that promotes genetic recombination." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0007131
name: reciprocal meiotic recombination
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate. This results in the equal exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids in a pair of homologous chromosomes. These reciprocal recombinant products ensure the proper segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I and create genetic diversity." [PMID:2087779]


id: GO:0007132
name: meiotic metaphase I
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cell cycle phase, following prophase I, during which chromosomes become aligned on the equatorial plate of the cell as part of meiosis I." [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


id: GO:0007133
name: meiotic anaphase I
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cell cycle phase during which chromosomes separate and migrate towards the poles of the spindle the as part of meiosis I." [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


id: GO:0007134
name: meiotic telophase I
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cell cycle phase which follows anaphase I of meiosis and during which the chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell and the division of the cytoplasm starts." [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


id: GO:0007135
name: meiosis II
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The second nuclear division of meiosis, in which the two chromatids in each chromosome are separated, resulting in four daughter nuclei from the two nuclei produced in meiosis II." [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0007136
name: meiotic prophase II
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cell cycle phase which is the first stage of meiosis II and during which chromosomes condense and the two daughter centrioles and their asters migrate toward the poles of the cell." [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


id: GO:0007137
name: meiotic metaphase II
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cell cycle phase, following prophase II, during which chromosomes become aligned on the equatorial plate of the cell as part of meiosis II." [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


id: GO:0007138
name: meiotic anaphase II
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cell cycle phase during which chromosomes separate and migrate towards the poles of the spindle the as part of meiosis II." [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


id: GO:0007139
name: meiotic telophase II
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cell cycle phase which follows anaphase II of meiosis and during which the chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell and the division of the cytoplasm starts." [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


id: GO:0007140
name: male meiosis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the male germline." [GOC:dph, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007141
name: male meiosis I
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through male meiosis I, the first meiotic division in the male germline." [GOC:dph, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007142
name: male meiosis II
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through male meiosis II, the second meiotic division in the male germline." [GOC:dph, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007143
name: female meiotic division
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the female germline." [GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007144
name: female meiosis I
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cell cycle process in which the first meiotic division occurs in the female germline." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007146
name: meiotic recombination nodule assembly
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "During meiosis, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) to form small, electron dense structures in association with meiotic chromosomes." [GOC:jl, PMID:9334324]


id: GO:0007147
name: female meiosis II
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cell cycle process in which the second meiotic division occurs in the female germline." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007150
name: obsolete growth pattern
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. A process whereby cells develop a specific morphology under a specific set of circumstances." [GOC:jid]


id: GO:0007154
name: cell communication
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007155
name: cell adhesion
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules." [GOC:hb, GOC:pf]


id: GO:0007156
name: homophilic cell adhesion via plasma membrane adhesion molecules
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The attachment of a plasma membrane adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0007157
name: heterophilic cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell." [ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0007161
name: calcium-independent cell-matrix adhesion
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules that do not require the presence of calcium for the interaction." [GOC:hb]


id: GO:0007162
name: negative regulation of cell adhesion
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0007163
name: establishment or maintenance of cell polarity
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007164
name: establishment of tissue polarity
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Coordinated organization of groups of cells in a tissue, such that they all orient to similar coordinates." [GOC:jid]


id: GO:0007165
name: signal transduction
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell." [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]


id: GO:0007166
name: cell surface receptor signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a receptor on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell surface receptor, or for receptors that signal in the absence of a ligand, by ligand-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription." [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, GOC:pr, GOC:signaling]


id: GO:0007167
name: enzyme linked receptor protein signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, where the receptor possesses catalytic activity or is closely associated with an enzyme such as a protein kinase, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription." [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, ISBN:0185316194]


id: GO:0007168
name: receptor guanylyl cyclase signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses guanylyl cyclase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription." [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, PMID:16815030]


id: GO:0007169
name: transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription." [GOC:ceb, GOC:signaling]


id: GO:0007171
name: activation of transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity." [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


id: GO:0007172
name: signal complex assembly
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a complex capable of relaying a signal within a cell." [GOC:bf, GOC:signaling, PMID:9646862]


id: GO:0007173
name: epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor EGFR (ERBB1) on the surface of a cell. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription." [GOC:ceb, PR:000006933]


id: GO:0007174
name: epidermal growth factor catabolic process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of epidermal growth factor (EGF), following internalization of the receptor-bound ligand into the signal-receiving cell. Full breakdown of epidermal growth factor results in a ligand that is unable to bind and activate its receptor." [GOC:bf, GOC:signaling, PMID:2985587]


id: GO:0007175
name: negative regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of EGF-activated receptor activity." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0007176
name: regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of EGF-activated receptor activity." [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0007178
name: transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses serine/threonine kinase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription." [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling]


id: GO:0007179
name: transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription." [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:signaling]


id: GO:0007181
name: transforming growth factor beta receptor complex assembly
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a ligand-bound type II transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) receptor dimer with a type I TGF-beta receptor dimer, following ligand binding, to form a heterotetrameric TGF-beta receptor complex." [GOC:jl, Reactome:REACT_7425, Wikipedia:TGF_beta_signaling_pathway]


id: GO:0007182
name: common-partner SMAD protein phosphorylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a common-partner SMAD protein. A common partner SMAD protein binds to pathway-restricted SMAD proteins forming a complex that translocates to the nucleus." [GOC:dph, ISBN:3527303782]


id: GO:0007183
name: SMAD protein complex assembly
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex that contains SMAD proteins." [GOC:isa_complete]


id: GO:0007184
name: SMAD protein import into nucleus
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of a SMAD proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways." [GOC:dph]


id: GO:0007185
name: transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses protein tyrosine phosphatase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription." [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling]


id: GO:0007186
name: G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576)." [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576PMID\:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]


id: GO:0007187
name: G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation or inhibition of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide." [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0007188
name: adenylate cyclase-modulating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds through activation or inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP)." [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0007189
name: adenylate cyclase-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds through activation of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP)." [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, GOC:tb, ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0007191
name: adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP)." [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling]


id: GO:0007192
name: adenylate cyclase-activating serotonin receptor signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a serotonin receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP)." [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, GOC:tb]


id: GO:0007193
name: adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds through inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP)." [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, GOC:tb, ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0007194
name: negative regulation of adenylate cyclase activity
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0007195
name: adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP)." [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, GOC:tb]


id: GO:0007196
name: adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G-protein coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled glutamate receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP)." [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, GOC:tb]


id: GO:0007197
name: adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP)." [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, GOC:tb]


id: GO:0007198
name: adenylate cyclase-inhibiting serotonin receptor signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a serotonin receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP)." [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, GOC:tb]


id: GO:0007199
name: G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway coupled to cGMP nucleotide second messenger
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by activation of guanylyl cyclase (GC) activity and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic GMP (cGMP)." [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0007200
name: phospholipase C-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent increase in the concentration of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG)." [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, GOC:tb, ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0007202
name: activation of phospholipase C activity
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme phospolipase C as the result of a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand." [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb, PMID:8280098]


id: GO:0007205
name: protein kinase C-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of protein kinase C (PKC). PKC is activated by second messengers including diacylglycerol (DAG)." [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling]


id: GO:0007206
name: phospholipase C-activating G-protein coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled glutamate receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG)." [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, GOC:tb]


id: GO:0007207
name: phospholipase C-activating G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG)." [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, GOC:tb]


id: GO:0007208
name: phospholipase C-activating serotonin receptor signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a serotonin receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG)." [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, GOC:tb]


id: GO:0007209
name: phospholipase C-activating tachykinin receptor signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a tachykinin receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG)." [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, GOC:tb]


id: GO:0007210
name: serotonin receptor signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a serotonin receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007211
name: octopamine or tyramine signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of octopamine or tyramine binding to a cell surface receptor. Octopamine and tyramine are decarboxylation products of tyrosine, and are the invertebrate counterparts of the vertebrate adrenergic transmitters." [GOC:mah, PMID:15355245]


id: GO:0007212
name: dopamine receptor signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007213
name: G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any series of molecular signals initiated by an acetylcholine receptor on the surface of the target cell binding to one of its physiological ligands, and proceeding with the activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription." [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0007214
name: gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, to a cell surface receptor." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007215
name: glutamate receptor signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of glutamate to a glutamate receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription." [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, PMID:9131252]


id: GO:0007216
name: G-protein coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A series of molecular signals initiated by glutamate binding to a glutamate receptor on the surface of the target cell, and proceeding with the activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. Ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription." [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, PMID:9131252]


id: GO:0007217
name: tachykinin receptor signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a tachykinin, i.e. a short peptide with the terminal sequence (Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2), binding to a cell surface receptor." [GOC:mah, PMID:14723970]


id: GO:0007218
name: neuropeptide signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor." [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]


id: GO:0007219
name: Notch signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to the receptor Notch on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription." [GOC:go_curators, GOC:signaling]


id: GO:0007220
name: Notch receptor processing
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The series of successive proteolytic cleavages of the Notch protein, which result in an active form of the receptor." [PMID:12651094, PMID:14986688]


id: GO:0007221
name: positive regulation of transcription of Notch receptor target
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The activation of transcription of specific genes as a result of Notch signaling, mediated by the Notch intracellular domain." [PMID:12651094]


id: GO:0007223
name: Wnt signaling pathway, calcium modulating pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors leads to an increase in intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C (PKC)." [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, PMID:11532397]


id: GO:0007224
name: smoothened signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened." [GOC:mah, PMID:15205520]


id: GO:0007225
name: patched ligand maturation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The posttranslational modification of members of the Hedgehog family of signaling proteins in order for Hedgehog to exert its biological activity. These modifications include cleavage of its signal sequence, autocatalytic protein cleavage and the attachment of sterol groups." [PMID:15057936]


id: GO:0007227
name: signal transduction downstream of smoothened
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The series of molecular signals that are initiated by the transmembrane protein Smoothened. In the presence of a Hedgehog signaling molecule, the Patched protein no longer inhibits the activity of Smoothened, and Smoothened signals via the Hedgehog signaling complex to activate downstream components of the Hedgehog signaling pathway." [PMID:15057936]


id: GO:0007228
name: positive regulation of hh target transcription factor activity
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that increases the activity of a transcription factor that activates transcription of Hedgehog-target genes in response to Smoothened signaling. In Drosophila, Cubitus interruptus (Ci) is the only identified transcription factor so far in the Hedgehog signaling pathway. In vertebrates, members of the Gli protein family are activated in this way. Activation of the Gli/Ci transcription factor is distinct from its stabilization, when proteolytic cleavage is inhibited." [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:11912487, PMID:15057936]


id: GO:0007229
name: integrin-mediated signaling pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of extracellular ligand to an integrin on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription." [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling]


id: GO:0007232
name: osmosensory signaling pathway via Sho1 osmosensor
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A series of molecular signals generated in response to osmotic change, as mediated through a Sho1 osmosensor system." [GOC:jl]


id: GO:0007234
name: osmosensory signaling via phosphorelay pathway
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A series of molecular signals generated in response to osmotic change, as mediated through a phosphorelay system." [PMID:9843501]


id: GO:0007244
name: obsolete MAPKKK cascade (mating sensu Saccharomyces)
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. MAPKKK cascade involved in transduction of mating pheromone signal, as described in Saccharomyces." [PMID:9561267]


id: GO:0007245
name: obsolete activation of MAPKKK (mating sensu Saccharomyces)
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. Upregulation of MAPKKK activity in the context of transduction of mating pheromone signal, as described for Saccharomyces." [PMID:9561267]


id: GO:0007246
name: obsolete activation of MAPKK (mating sensu Saccharomyces)
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. Upregulation of a MAP kinase kinase in the context of transduction of mating pheromone signal, as described for Saccharomyces." [PMID:9561267]


id: GO:0007247
name: obsolete activation of MAPK (mating sensu Saccharomyces)
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. Upregulation of MAP kinase activity in the context of transduction of mating pheromone signal, as described for Saccharomyces." [PMID:9561267]


id: GO:0007248
name: obsolete nuclear translocation of MAPK (mating sensu Saccharomyces)
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. Movement of a MAP kinase to the nucleus in the context of transduction of mating pheromone signal, as described for Saccharomyces." [PMID:9561267]


id: GO:0007249
name: I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell through the I-kappaB-kinase (IKK)-dependent activation of NF-kappaB. The cascade begins with activation of a trimeric IKK complex (consisting of catalytic kinase subunits IKKalpha and/or IKKbeta, and the regulatory scaffold protein NEMO) and ends with the regulation of transcription of target genes by NF-kappaB. In a resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to I-kappaB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing the NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription." [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, PMID:12773372, Reactome:REACT_13696.1]


id: GO:0007250
name: activation of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase activity
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The stimulation of the activity of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase through phosphorylation at specific residues." [GOC:jl, PMID:12773372]


id: GO:0007252
name: I-kappaB phosphorylation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of introducing a phosphate group into an inhibitor of kappa B (I-kappaB) protein. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing bound NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription." [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, PMID:21772278, PMID:7594468]


id: GO:0007253
name: cytoplasmic sequestering of NF-kappaB
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The selective interaction of the transcription factor NF-kappaB with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its translocation into the nucleus." [GOC:jl]


id: GO:0007254
name: JNK cascade
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a JNK (a MAPK), a JNKK (a MAPKK) and a JUN3K (a MAP3K). The cascade can also contain two additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K and the downstream MAP Kinase-activated kinase (MAPKAPK). The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell." [GOC:bf, GOC:signaling, PMID:11790549, PMID:20811974]


id: GO:0007256
name: activation of JNKK activity
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme JUN kinase kinase (JNKK) activity. JNKKs are involved in a signaling pathway that is primarily activated by cytokines and exposure to environmental stress." [GOC:bf, PMID:11790549]


id: GO:0007259
name: JAK-STAT cascade
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) and JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) proteins convey a signal to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. The JAK-STAT cascade begins with activation of STAT proteins by members of the JAK family of tyrosine kinases, proceeds through dimerization and subsequent nuclear translocation of STAT proteins, and ends with regulation of target gene expression by STAT proteins." [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, GOC:signaling, PMID:12039028]


id: GO:0007260
name: tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein." [GOC:jl, PMID:10918594]


id: GO:0007261
name: obsolete JAK-induced STAT protein dimerization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. The formation of a dimer of two STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) following their activation by members of the janus activated kinase (JAK) family of tyrosine kinases." [GOC:jl, PMID:12039028]


id: GO:0007262
name: STAT protein import into nucleus
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of dimerized STAT (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) proteins into the nucleus following activation by members of the janus activated kinase (JAK) family of tyrosine kinases." [GOC:jl, PMID:12039028]


id: GO:0007263
name: nitric oxide mediated signal transduction
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via nitric oxide (NO). Includes synthesis of nitric oxide, receptors/sensors for nitric oxide (such as soluble guanylyl cyclase/sGC) and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell. Nitric oxide transmits its downstream effects through either cyclic GMP (cGMP)-dependent or independent mechanisms." [GOC:jl, PMID:21549190]


id: GO:0007264
name: small GTPase mediated signal transduction
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007265
name: Ras protein signal transduction
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state." [GOC:bf]


id: GO:0007266
name: Rho protein signal transduction
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rho family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state." [GOC:bf]


id: GO:0007268
name: synaptic transmission
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The vesicular release of classical neurotransmitter molecules from a neuron, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of neurotransmitter receptors of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse." [GOC:jl, MeSH:D009435]


id: GO:0007269
name: neurotransmitter secretion
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The regulated release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. A neurotransmitter is any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, glycine, gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins and serotonin." [CHEBI:25512, GOC:dph]


id: GO:0007270
name: neuron-neuron synaptic transmission
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse." [GOC:add, GOC:jl, MeSH:D009435]


id: GO:0007271
name: synaptic transmission, cholinergic
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine." [GOC:kmv, GOC:pr, Wikipedia:Cholinergic]


id: GO:0007272
name: ensheathment of neurons
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process in which glial cells envelop neuronal cell bodies and/or axons to form an insulating layer. This can take the form of myelinating or non-myelinating ensheathment." [GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


id: GO:0007275
name: multicellular organism development
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult)." [GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:isa_complete, GOC:tb]


id: GO:0007276
name: gamete generation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The generation and maintenance of gametes in a multicellular organism. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell." [GOC:ems, GOC:mtg_sensu]


id: GO:0007277
name: pole cell development
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pole cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure." [GOC:jid]


id: GO:0007278
name: pole cell fate determination
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a pole cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0007279
name: pole cell formation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Formation of a small group of cells (pole cells) at the posterior pole of the insect blastula. They are the first cells to cellularize after the arrival of nuclei at the end of the syncytial blastula stage and are the precursors to the insect germ cells." [GOC:bf, PMID:9988212]


id: GO:0007280
name: pole cell migration
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of a pole cell (germline progenitors in insects) from its site of production at the posterior pole of the embryo through to the site where the gonads will form." [GOC:bf, PMID:9988212]


id: GO:0007281
name: germ cell development
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete). A germ cell is any reproductive cell in a multicellular organism." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0007282
name: cystoblast division
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any of the rounds of incomplete mitosis undergone by a cystoblast to form a cyst of interconnected cells." [PMID:21452446]


id: GO:0007283
name: spermatogenesis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis." [GOC:jid, ISBN:9780878933846]


id: GO:0007284
name: spermatogonial cell division
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The mitotic divisions of the primary spermatogonial cell (a primordial male germ cell) to form secondary spermatogonia (primary spermatocytes)." [GOC:bf, GOC:pr, ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007285
name: primary spermatocyte growth
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The phase of growth and gene expression that male germ cells undergo as they enter the spermatocyte stage. The cells grow in volume and transcribe most of the gene products needed for the morphological events that follow meiosis." [GOC:jid, ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007286
name: spermatid development
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from its formation to the mature structure." [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0007287
name: Nebenkern assembly
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Fusion of mitochondria during insect spermatid differentiation to form two masses, which wrap around each other to form a densely packed sphere called the Nebenkern." [GOC:bf, ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007288
name: sperm axoneme assembly
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The assembly and organization of the sperm flagellar axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of the eukaryotic sperm flagellum, and is responsible for movement." [GOC:bf, ISBN:0198547684]


id: GO:0007289
name: spermatid nucleus differentiation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The specialization of the spermatid nucleus during the development of a spermatid into a mature male gamete competent for fertilization." [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007290
name: spermatid nucleus elongation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The change in shape of the spermatid nucleus from a spherical structure to an elongated organelle, during the latter part of spermatid differentiation." [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah, ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007291
name: sperm individualization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The resolution of the male germline syncytium or cyst into individual gametes by packaging each spermatid into its own plasma membrane." [GOC:bf, PMID:9550716]


id: GO:0007292
name: female gamete generation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Generation of the female gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a male gamete takes part in sexual reproduction." [GOC:dph, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0007293
name: germarium-derived egg chamber formation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Construction of a stage-1 egg chamber in the anterior part of the germarium, from the progeny of germ-line and somatic stem cells. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster." [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007294
name: germarium-derived oocyte fate determination
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cell fate determination process in which a germarium-derived cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an oocyte cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster." [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007295
name: growth of a germarium-derived egg chamber
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Growth of the egg chamber between the time it leaves the germarium and the onset of vitellogenesis. During this time both nurse cells and the oocyte undergo developmental changes including nuclear organization and cytoplasmic growth. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster." [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007296
name: vitellogenesis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The production of yolk. Yolk is a mixture of materials used for embryonic nutrition." [GOC:dph, ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007297
name: ovarian follicle cell migration
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of an ovarian follicle cell that takes place during oogenesis. During egg chamber formation, follicle cells migrate to envelop the germ-line cysts and move in between cysts. At stage 10B, follicle cells migrate centripetally between the nurse cells and the oocyte, enclosing the anterior of the egg. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster." [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10822261]


id: GO:0007298
name: border follicle cell migration
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of a border cell through the nurse cells to reach the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster." [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10822261]


id: GO:0007299
name: ovarian follicle cell-cell adhesion
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The attachment of a somatic follicle cell to another somatic follicle cell or to its substratum, the germline cells. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster." [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:12642496]


id: GO:0007300
name: ovarian nurse cell to oocyte transport
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Transfer of constituents synthesized in the ovarian nurse cells to the oocyte, through the ring canals, as the egg chamber is growing. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster." [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007301
name: female germline ring canal formation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Assembly of the intercellular bridges that connect the germ-line cells of a female cyst." [ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007303
name: cytoplasmic transport, nurse cell to oocyte
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of cytoplasmic constituents synthesized in the nurse cells to the oocyte." [ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007304
name: chorion-containing eggshell formation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The construction of a chorion-containing eggshell. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster." [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_sensu]


id: GO:0007305
name: vitelline membrane formation involved in chorion-containing eggshell formation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Construction of the vitelline membrane portion of a chorion-containing eggshell. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster." [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_sensu]


id: GO:0007306
name: eggshell chorion assembly
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Construction of the chorion portion of the eggshell, which comprises the channels for gas exchange in an insect eggshell." [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:tb, ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007307
name: eggshell chorion gene amplification
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Amplification by up to 60-fold of the loci containing the chorion gene clusters. Amplification is necessary for the rapid synthesis of chorion proteins by the follicle cells, and occurs by repeated firing of one or more origins located within each gene cluster." [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:11157771]


id: GO:0007308
name: oocyte construction
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The synthesis, deposition, and organization of the materials in a cell of an ovary; where the cell can then undergo meiosis and form an ovum. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster." [GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:tb, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0007309
name: oocyte axis specification
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of an axis in the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster." [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007310
name: oocyte dorsal/ventral axis specification
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the dorsal/ventral axis of the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster." [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007311
name: maternal specification of dorsal/ventral axis, oocyte, germ-line encoded
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Polarization of the oocyte along the dorsal-ventral axis, by a gene product encoded by cells of the germ line. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster." [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:tb, ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007312
name: oocyte nucleus migration involved in oocyte dorsal/ventral axis specification
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The directed movement of the oocyte nucleus within the cell as part of the establishment and maintenance of the dorsal/ventral axis of the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster." [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:tb]


id: GO:0007313
name: maternal specification of dorsal/ventral axis, oocyte, soma encoded
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Polarization of the oocyte along the dorsal-ventral axis, by a gene product encoded by somatic cells. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster." [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:tb, ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007314
name: oocyte anterior/posterior axis specification
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Polarization of the oocyte along its anterior-posterior axis. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster." [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:tb, ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007315
name: pole plasm assembly
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Establishment of the specialized cytoplasm found at the poles of the egg. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster." [GOC:mtg_sensu]


id: GO:0007316
name: pole plasm RNA localization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process in which RNA is transported to, or maintained in, the oocyte pole plasm. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0007317
name: regulation of pole plasm oskar mRNA localization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process in which oskar mRNA is transported to, or maintained in, the oocyte pole plasm." [GOC:hb]


id: GO:0007318
name: pole plasm protein localization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the oocyte pole plasm. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0007319
name: negative regulation of oskar mRNA translation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate that oskar mRNAs are effectively translated into protein." [GOC:ems]


id: GO:0007323
name: peptide pheromone maturation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The generation of a mature, active peptide pheromone via processes unique to its processing and modification. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." [GOC:elh]


id: GO:0007329
name: positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by pheromones
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process involving pheromones that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0007339
name: binding of sperm to zona pellucida
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process in which the sperm binds to the zona pellucida glycoprotein layer of the egg. The process begins with the attachment of the sperm plasma membrane to the zona pellucida and includes attachment of the acrosome inner membrane to the zona pellucida after the acrosomal reaction takes place." [GOC:dph, ISBN:0878932437]


id: GO:0007340
name: acrosome reaction
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The discharge, by sperm, of a single, anterior secretory granule following the sperm's attachment to the zona pellucida surrounding the oocyte. The process begins with the fusion of the outer acrosomal membrane with the sperm plasma membrane and ends with the exocytosis of the acrosomal contents into the egg." [GOC:dph, PMID:3886029]


id: GO:0007341
name: penetration of zona pellucida
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The infiltration by sperm of the zona pellucida to reach the oocyte. The process involves digestive enzymes from a modified lysosome called the acrosome, situated at the head of the sperm." [GOC:jl, http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/fert/fert.html]


id: GO:0007342
name: fusion of sperm to egg plasma membrane
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The binding and fusion of a sperm, having penetrated the zona pellucida, with the plasma membrane of the oocyte. Binding occurs at the posterior (post-acrosomal) region of the sperm head." [GOC:jl, http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/fert/fert.html]


id: GO:0007343
name: egg activation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process in which the egg becomes metabolically active, initiates protein and DNA synthesis and undergoes structural changes to its cortex and/or cytoplasm." [GOC:bf, PMID:9630751]


id: GO:0007344
name: pronuclear fusion
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The merging of two pronuclei in a fertilized egg to fuse and produce a single zygotic genome." [GOC:ems, ISBN:087969307X]


id: GO:0007345
name: obsolete embryogenesis and morphogenesis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "OBSOLETE. Formation and development of an embryo and its organized structures." [GOC:ems, ISBN:0070524300, ISBN:0140512888]


id: GO:0007346
name: regulation of mitotic cell cycle
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle." [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]


id: GO:0007347
name: regulation of preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A cell cycle process that modulates the rate or extent of the progression through the preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle." [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]


id: GO:0007348
name: regulation of syncytial blastoderm mitotic cell cycle
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A cell cycle process that modulates the rate or extent of the progression through the syncytial blastoderm mitotic cell cycle." [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]


id: GO:0007349
name: cellularization
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The separation of a multi-nucleate cell or syncytium into individual cells. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster embryo development." [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0716731363]


id: GO:0007350
name: blastoderm segmentation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The hierarchical steps resulting in the progressive subdivision of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo." [http://fly.ebi.ac.uk/allied-data/lk/interactive-fly/aimain/1aahome.htm, ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007351
name: tripartite regional subdivision
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Subdivision of the embryo along the anterior/posterior axis into anterior, posterior and terminal regions." [GOC:dph, GOC:isa_complete, http://fly.ebi.ac.uk/allied-data/lk/interactive-fly/aimain/1aahome.htm, ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007352
name: zygotic specification of dorsal/ventral axis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The specification of the dorsal/ventral axis of the embryo, through the products of genes expressed in the zygote." [GOC:bf]


id: GO:0007354
name: zygotic determination of anterior/posterior axis, embryo
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by products of genes expressed in the zygote; exemplified in insects by the gap genes, pair rule genes and segment polarity gene cascade." [http://fly.ebi.ac.uk/allied-data/lk/interactive-fly/aimain/1aahome.htm, ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007355
name: anterior region determination
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Specification of the anterior (head and thoracic segments) of the embryo by the gap genes; exemplified in insects by the actions of hunchback gene product." [http://fly.ebi.ac.uk/allied-data/lk/interactive-fly/aimain/1aahome.htm, ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007356
name: thorax and anterior abdomen determination
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Specification of the central (trunk) regions of the embryo by the gap genes; exemplified in insects by the actions of the Kruppel gene product." [http://fly.ebi.ac.uk/allied-data/lk/interactive-fly/aimain/1aahome.htm, ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007357
name: positive regulation of central gap gene transcription
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The activation of genes encoding transcription factors in the central region of an insect embryo by a combination of maternal regulatory signals and interactions among themselves; exemplified by the activation of expression of the Drosophila Kruppel gene by the hunchback and bicoid gene products." [http://fly.ebi.ac.uk/allied-data/lk/interactive-fly/aimain/1aahome.htm, ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007358
name: establishment of central gap gene boundaries
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Specification of the borders of central gap gene expression mediated largely by the effects of other gap genes; in insects this is exemplified by knirps repression of Kruppel." [http://fly.ebi.ac.uk/allied-data/lk/interactive-fly/aimain/1aahome.htm, ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007359
name: posterior abdomen determination
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The regionalization process in which the posterior (abdominal) regions of the embryo are specified by the gap genes." [GOC:dph, GOC:isa_complete, http://fly.ebi.ac.uk/allied-data/lk/interactive-fly/aimain/1aahome.htm, ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007360
name: positive regulation of posterior gap gene transcription
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The activation of genes encoding transcription factors in the posterior region of an insect embryo by a combination of maternal regulatory signals and interactions among themselves; exemplified by the activation of expression of the Drosophila knirps gene." [http://fly.ebi.ac.uk/allied-data/lk/interactive-fly/aimain/1aahome.htm, ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007361
name: establishment of posterior gap gene boundaries
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Specification of the borders of posterior gap gene expression mediated largely by the effects of other gap genes; in insects this is exemplified by hunchback and tailless repression of knirps." [http://fly.ebi.ac.uk/allied-data/lk/interactive-fly/aimain/1aahome.htm, ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007362
name: terminal region determination
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Specification of the terminal regions (the two non-segmented ends) of the embryo by the gap genes; exemplified in insects by the actions of huckebein and tailless gene products." [http://fly.ebi.ac.uk/allied-data/lk/interactive-fly/aimain/1aahome.htm, ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007363
name: positive regulation of terminal gap gene transcription
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The activation of genes encoding transcription factors at the anterior and posterior ends of an insect embryo by a combination of maternal regulatory signals and interactions among themselves; exemplified by the activation of expression of the Drosophila tailless and huckebein genes." [http://fly.ebi.ac.uk/allied-data/lk/interactive-fly/aimain/1aahome.htm, ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007364
name: establishment of terminal gap gene boundary
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Specification of the borders of terminal gap gene expression mediated largely by the effects of other gap genes." [http://fly.ebi.ac.uk/allied-data/lk/interactive-fly/aimain/1aahome.htm, ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007365
name: periodic partitioning
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The regionalization process that divides the spatial regions of an embryo into serially repeated regions." [GOC:dph, GOC:isa_complete, GOC:ma]


id: GO:0007366
name: periodic partitioning by pair rule gene
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Allocation of cells to parasegments in the embryo, through the action of overlapping series of pair rule gene activities." [http://fly.ebi.ac.uk/allied-data/lk/interactive-fly/aimain/1aahome.htm, ISBN:0632030488, ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007367
name: segment polarity determination
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Division of the 14 parasegments of the embryo into anterior and posterior compartments; exemplified by the actions of the segment polarity gene products." [http://fly.ebi.ac.uk/allied-data/lk/interactive-fly/aimain/1aahome.htm, ISBN:0632030488, ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007368
name: determination of left/right symmetry
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry." [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]


id: GO:0007369
name: gastrulation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm." [GOC:curators, ISBN:9780878933846]


id: GO:0007370
name: ventral furrow formation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Formation of a ventral indentation (furrow) from the blastoderm epithelium, which is internalized to form a tube in the interior of the embryo, marking the start of gastrulation." [ISBN:08795694238]


id: GO:0007371
name: ventral midline determination
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The regionalization process in which the area where the ventral midline will form is specified." [GOC:bf, GOC:isa_complete, GOC:vk]


id: GO:0007374
name: posterior midgut invagination
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Formation of a cup-shaped invagination at the posterior end of the embryo, bringing the posterior midgut and hindgut primordia into the interior." [ISBN:08795694238]


id: GO:0007376
name: cephalic furrow formation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Formation of a partial necklace of inturning tissue on the lateral sides of the embryo, along the dorsal-ventral axis. This furrow demarcates head from thorax in the developing protostome." [ISBN:08795694238]


id: GO:0007377
name: germ-band extension
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Elongation of the germ band on the ventral side of the embryo, accompanied by a halving in width. The elongation process pushes the posterior midgut invagination closed and compresses the amnioserosa further." [ISBN:08795694238]


id: GO:0007378
name: amnioserosa formation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Formation of the amnioserosa, an epithelium that occupies a hole in the embryonic dorsal epidermis. This occurs by the transformation of a narrow strip of cells at the dorsal midline of the blastoderm from columnar to squamous cells, accompanied by a lateral shift." [ISBN:08795694238]


id: GO:0007379
name: segment specification
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process in which segments assume individual identities; exemplified in insects by the actions of the products of the homeotic genes." [http://fly.ebi.ac.uk/allied-data/lk/interactive-fly/aimain/1aahome.htm, ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007380
name: specification of segmental identity, head
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The specification of the characteristic structures of the head segments following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized." [ISBN:0878932437]


id: GO:0007381
name: specification of segmental identity, labial segment
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The specification of the characteristic structures of the labial segment following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized." [ISBN:0878932437]


id: GO:0007382
name: specification of segmental identity, maxillary segment
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The specification of the characteristic structures of the maxillary segment following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized." [ISBN:0878932437]


id: GO:0007383
name: specification of segmental identity, antennal segment
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The specification of the characteristic structures of the antennal segment following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized." [ISBN:0878932437]


id: GO:0007384
name: specification of segmental identity, thorax
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The specification of the characteristic structures of the thoracic segments following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized." [ISBN:0878932437]


id: GO:0007385
name: specification of segmental identity, abdomen
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The specification of the characteristic structures of the abdominal segments following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized." [ISBN:0878932437]


id: GO:0007386
name: compartment pattern specification
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The regionalization process in which embryonic segments are divided into compartments that will result in differences in cell differentiation." [http://fly.ebi.ac.uk/allied-data/lk/interactive-fly/aimain/1aahome.htm, ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007387
name: anterior compartment pattern formation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process giving rise to specification of cell identity in the anterior compartments of the segmented embryo." [http://fly.ebi.ac.uk/allied-data/lk/interactive-fly/aimain/1aahome.htm, ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007388
name: posterior compartment specification
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process involved in the specification of cell identity in the posterior compartments of the segmented embryo." [http://fly.ebi.ac.uk/allied-data/lk/interactive-fly/aimain/1aahome.htm, ISBN:0879694238]


id: GO:0007389
name: pattern specification process
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate." [GOC:go_curators, GOC:isa_complete, ISBN:0521436125]


id: GO:0007390
name: germ-band shortening
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The spreading of the amnioserosa from its compressed state to cover the whole of the dorsal surface. Initiating in the thorax and spreading posteriorly, it is accompanied by the transition from a parasegmental to segmental division of the embryo." [GOC:bf, PMID:12147138]


id: GO:0007391
name: dorsal closure
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process during Drosophila embryogenesis whereby the ectodermal cells of the lateral epithelium stretch in a coordinated fashion to internalize the amnioserosa cells and close the embryo dorsally." [PMID:9224720]


id: GO:0007393
name: dorsal closure, leading edge cell fate determination
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cell fate determination process in which a cell within the dorsal ectoderm becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a leading edge cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed." [GOC:bf, GOC:go_curators, PMID:12147138]


id: GO:0007394
name: dorsal closure, elongation of leading edge cells
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The change in shape of cells at the dorsal-most (leading) edge of the epidermis from being polygonal to being elongated in the dorsal/ventral axis." [PMID:12147138]


id: GO:0007395
name: dorsal closure, spreading of leading edge cells
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Dorsally-directed movement of a cell at the leading edge of the epithelium over the amnioserosa." [GOC:bf, PMID:12147138]


id: GO:0007396
name: suture of dorsal opening
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Closure of the dorsal hole. Filopodia extending from each leading edge interdigitate at the dorsal midline and appear to prime the formation of adherens junctions between the two rows of leading edge cells. Newly formed septate junctions are also used to seal the dorsal hole." [GOC:bf, PMID:12147138]


id: GO:0007398
name: ectoderm development
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation." [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


id: GO:0007399
name: nervous system development
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state." [GOC:dgh]


id: GO:0007400
name: neuroblast fate determination
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuroblast cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0007402
name: ganglion mother cell fate determination
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a ganglion mother cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed." [GOC:go_curators]


id: GO:0007403
name: glial cell fate determination
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a glial cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed." [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_sensu]


id: GO:0007405
name: neuroblast proliferation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron." [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:sart]


id: GO:0007406
name: negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the proliferation of neuroblasts." [GOC:ai]


id: GO:0007407
name: neuroblast activation
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "A change in the morphology or behavior of a neuroblast resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand." [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_sensu]


id: GO:0007409
name: axonogenesis
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon." [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:pg, GOC:pr, ISBN:0198506732]


id: GO:0007411
name: axon guidance
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues." [ISBN:0878932437]


id: GO:0007412
name: axon target recognition
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process in which an axon recognizes and binds to a set of cells with which it may form stable connections." [ISBN:0878932437]


id: GO:0007416
name: synapse assembly
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse." [GOC:mah]


id: GO:0007417
name: central nervous system development
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord." [GOC:bf, GOC:jid, ISBN:0582227089]


id: GO:0007418
name: ventral midline development
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral midline over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In protostomes (such as insects, snails and worms) as well as deuterostomes (vertebrates), the midline is an embryonic region that functions in patterning of the adjacent nervous tissue. The ventral midline in insects is a cell population extending along the ventral surface of the embryo and is the region from which cells detach to form the ventrally located nerve cords. In vertebrates, the midline is originally located dorsally. During development, it folds inwards and becomes the ventral part of the dorsally located neural tube and is then called the ventral midline, or floor plate." [GOC:bf, GOC:go_curators, PMID:12075342]


id: GO:0007419
name: ventral cord development
namespace: biological_process
def:
  "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ventral cord is one of the distinguishing traits of the central nervous system of all arthropods (such as insects, crustaceans and arachnids) as well as many other invertebrates, such as the annelid worms." [GOC:bf, GOC:go_curators, http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/S/Spemann.html]


